There are two broadly defined threats to the biodiversity of Bolikhamxay Province, including the Nam Kading National Protected Area – hunting and habitat loss.  Hunting threatens nearly all taxa of animals; species with larger body sizes are under particular threat.  Both local residents and outsiders hunt.  Some local residents are dependent on wildlife to fulfill a portion of their protein needs. This is particularly true of the rural residents of Bolikhamxay, who comprise 80% of the population. WCS works with these communities to harvest wildlife and non-timber forest products sustainably.  Other local residents hunt wildlife to sell to both national and international traders.  Southern China and Vietnam have a long- tradition of consuming wildlife as a luxury item; the growing middle class of these countries has lead to a dramatic surge in the demand for wildlife from all of Laos, including the wildlife of the Nam Kading National Protected Area.  WCS works with the Government of Lao PDR to stop this trade.

Habitat loss in Bolikhamxay Province impacts lands both inside and outside of protected areas, due primarily to three causes: 1) degradation that began in the late 1980’s with the overharvest of economically valuable eagelaria, a resin used for perfume, which shifted to rose wood in the early 2000’s.  Small bands of loggers enter the forest, live off the land (including hunting wildlife) and harvest these valuable trees.  Habitat loss and degradation have been greatest in Bolikhamxay’s Provincial Protected Areas due to little or no on-the-ground law enforcement; 2) confusion over the boundaries of all the protected areas, which contributes to encroachment; and 3) landscapes surrounding protected areas have seen rapid forest eucalyptus and rubber plantation establishment, particularly over the past five years.  The majority of these plantations have been established on degraded land that was logged in the 1980’s.  Most of the plantation establishment is done by reputable companies; however this is not always the case with some plantations failing as soon as the “salvage” logging is completed. Amongst their many negative impacts, the less-reputable companies encourage local people to “poach” logs within protected areas of Bolikhamxay Province.

Since 2004 WCS-Laos has been collaborating with the Bolikhamxay Provincial authorities on management of the protected areas of the province. Most resources have been invested in improving the management and protection of the Nam Kading National Protected Area.  WCS and Bolikhamxay authorities have begun to see success in approaches to threats abatement in Nam Kading; one consequence has been a concurrent increase in these same threats in the three comparatively under-resourced provincial protected areas that are the focus of this proposal, and hence the need to invest in their management.

An underlying indirect threat that contributes to all aspects of biodiversity loss in Laos is the low technical capacity of protected area staff and lack of resources to do the needed work.  Laos is still recovering from decades of conflict and consequently the education system in the country is still well below international standards. Over the past six years the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) has addressed this issue in its approach to conservation of Bolikhamxay Province by providing formal training to all provincial staff on Protected Area management.  The Integrated Ecosystem and Wildlife Management Project (IEWMP), established through a formal MoU between WCS and the Government of Laos, defines this partnership. All the objectives and results delineated in this proposal to LifeWeb will be achieved through the IEWMP; therefore the majority of the activities will be implemented by Government of Laos PDR staff. << Read less

Strengthen the management of the Phou Long Provincial Protected Area, Pha Kaounchan Provincial Protected Area, and Say Phou Ngou Provincial Protected Area.

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The mixed semi-tropical forests of western Bolikhamxay Province are largely of a type that was historically found fairly widely in Indochina with species such as elephant and clouded leopard.  Much of this habitat has been converted for agriculture, logging and plantations. However, several protected areas, including the three provincial protected areas that are the focus of this proposal, have largely escaped this conversion and thus are of national and regional importance. 

Each of the three provincial protected areas has additional ecological contributions.  The Pha Kaounchan Provincial Protected Area is a massive, isolated limestone karst outcropping.  The limestone karsts of central Laos have only in the past few years begun to be biologically explored and what has been found so far has been extraordinary, including a new species of mammal so distinct that it is a new family - the first new family of mammals described anywhere in over a century. In addition, a distinct new species of bird in this limestone karst was also discovered in 2008. Further, these limestone karsts are home to primates in the taxonomically complex Trachypithecus genus, all of which are highly threatened. The Pha Kaounchan is one of these limestone karsts and it has essentially never been biologically surveyed.

The Phou Long Provincial Protected Area contains some of the few remaining lowland mixed semi-tropical forests of Indochina.  It is also a central part of an essentially linear series of forests that are home to one of Indochina’s largest Asian elephant meta-populations.  This Asian elephant meta-population runs from the Phou Khao Khoay Protected Area of Xaisomboun Province in the northwest linearly through Phou Long then Nam Kading then the base of Pha Kaounchan protected areas of Bolikhamxay Province and terminating in the Nakai Plateau of Khammoun Province in the southeast. 

Say Phou Ngou Provincial Protected Area is a long and skinny sandstone hill (Say Phou Ngou means “snake-like mountain” in Lao language) that is the first geologic uprising east of the Mekong. Like much of central Laos it is essentially unsurveyed, but it is likely that it contains potentially important remnant populations of lowland forest wildlife that historically was widespread in Indochina, but which now is under severe threat. << Read less

The majority of forests in Bolikhamxay Province are Tropical Moist Forests, with an estimated biomass of 216 tonnes/hectare. More accurate data collection is underway as part of an initial carbon assessment for the landscape, following Tier 3 standards as described in the IPCC 2003 Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry and 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses. This process should be complete by March 2010. The project will protect forest carbon through working with local stakeholders on land-use management and law enforcement efforts to tackle the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation: habitat conversion for swidden agriculture and plantations in the buffer zone areas, illegal logging and illegal encroachment inside protected areas. In addition, the project will investigate reforestation on lands that have previously been deforested, where appropriate. << Read less

Counterpart Funding and Institutional Commitment
The Government of Laos contributes to this effort primarily through paying the salaries of approximately 40 staff whose remit includes all the protected areas of Bolikhamxay Province. In 2010-2011, the Theun-Hinboun Power Company, which is planning on constructing a second dam in the province, will contribute approximately $10,000 for the management of the Pha Kaounchan Provincial Protected Area. The northern Annamite Mountains and its associated wildlife is a long-term priority for the WCS, and thus WCS will provide resources towards their conservation through funding of senior managerial and technical staff.  WCS has also raised $200,000 from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for 2009-2010, primarily focused on the management of the Nam Kading Protected Area, and is committed to raising additional funds for the conservation of this area. Some of the staff of the three provincial protected areas that are the focus of this proposal will receive training along with Nam Kading staff.  Finally, in the coming two years WCS is optimistic that at least $50,000 of funds from the USFWS-Asian Elephant Conservation Fund will be raised, some of which will go towards elephant population surveys in the Phou Long Provincial Protected Area. 

Sustainable Financing Mechanisms
WCS and the Government of Laos have developed several pilot sustainable financing projects in Bolikhamxay Province. These include village level fish conservation zones (no-take zones along several rivers that act as source sites for sustainable fishing in other regions of the river), sustainable harvest of certain non-timber forest products which are then sold at increased prices through provincial government sponsors, and village level rice banks.  These projects are still in early stages and thus they may be significantly altered as the Integrated Ecosystem and Wildlife Management Project (IEWMP, the formal entity under which WCS works with the Government of Laos in Bolikhamxay Province) discovers what works best, but it is this category of activity that WCS and the Government of Laos would pursue with funding from LifeWeb.  

WCS and the Government of Laos are also currently exploring several other approaches to sustainable financing of protected areas in Bolikhamxay.  First there is scope for lands in the province to be a site for REDD-based funding as part of a comprehensive national REDD strategy.  WCS has prior experience demonstrating the value of protected areas as an effective emissions reduction tool in Cambodia and Madagascar.  This work has been reviewed by outside evaluators that have confirmed the verifiability and additionality of those emissions reductions. WCS is currently attempting to secure funding for generating baseline estimates of carbon stocks and deforestation rates in Bolikhamxay Province, two essential datasets for a REDD project.  WCS is also exploring ecotourism in Bolikhamxay Province, particularly as tourism in general is a growing industry in Laos.  However at its maximum ecotourism will likely generate only a relatively small amount of the overall revenue needed to sustain the protected areas and contribute to local economies. << Read less

This project will support the continuation of the full and effective participation, as well as equitable sharing of costs and benefits, with indigenous and local communities, that characterizes IEWMP’s ongoing work. For example, IEWMP will undertake joint land-use planning with villages adjacent to protected areas to determine the locations within protected areas of core-zones, in which no wildlife of any type may be hunted, and management zones, in which species such as wild pigs designated as “managed species” under Lao law can be legally hunted for consumption, but not for sale. 

As with WCS’ ongoing work in the Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area and in our earlier work through the IEWMP in Bolikhamxay Province, equitable sharing of costs and benefits will be sought in all relevant aspects of the proposed work. Costs include the changed nature of access to natural resources in the Protected Areas by local communities, which the IEWMP will strive to ensure is managed fairly. The IEWMP will continue to ensure that benefits are shared equitably, for example by continuing to create fish harvesting zones that are accessible to all villagers and assist villages to negotiate fair price for other non-timber forest products with buyers. At a larger scale, WCS will draw upon our experience in Cambodia and Madagascar to design mechanisms of equitable distribution of REDD revenues. << Read less

Lao PDR completed the Initial PoWPA Analysis and Priority Setting in December 2007, which identified three core areas for necessary action to move Lao PDR towards a more effective NPA system.  These three areas are: 1) Sustainable financing; 2) Capacity development; and, 3) improved governance.  The activities described in this proposal address each of these core areas.  Furthermore the activities of the IEWMP in Bolikhamxay are held as a national model for protected area management (as demonstrated by the use of the Nam Kading NPA Management Plan as model for other National Protected Areas) in the country and thus advances made with funds from LifeWeb will impact the protected area at a national level.

The activities in this proposal will help the GoL meet objectives for Protected Area management set forth in the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action plan (2004) , National Forestry Strategy (2005)  and National Growth and Poverty Elevation Plan (2004) .



  Laos Government (2004). National Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 and Action Plan to 2010. Science Technology and Environment Agency, Vientiane, : 1-46.
  Department of Forestry (2005). Forestry strategy to the year 2020 (FS 2020) of the Lao PDR, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry: 1-108.
  Government of Lao PDR  (2004). National Growth and Poverty Eradication strategy. Vientiane: 1-250. << Read less

Goal 1.1: To establish and strengthen national and regional systems of protected areas integrated into a global network as a contribution to globally agreed goals
Goal 1.2: To integrate protected areas into broader land- and seascapes and sectors so as to maintain ecological structure and function
Goal 1.4: To substantially improve site-based protected area planning and management
Goal 1.5: To prevent and mitigate the negative impacts of key threats to protected areas
Goal 2.1: To promote equity and benefit-sharing
Goal 2.2: To enhance and secure involvement of indigenous and local communities and relevant stakeholders
Goal 3.2: To build capacity for the planning, establishment and management of protected areas
Goal 3.4: To ensure financial sustainability of protected areas and national and regional systems of protected areas
Goal 3.5: To strengthen communication, education and public awareness
Goal 4.1 - To develop and adopt minimum standards and best practices for national and regional protected area systems
Goal 4.3: To assess and monitor protected area status and trends
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