1.Notes with concern that the rapidly increasing pressures from the drivers of change in inland water ecosystems, the overall continuing and accelerating rate of loss of the biodiversity of these ecosystems and of associated critical ecosystem services are already resulting in significant economic, social and environmental costs, which are projected to rapidly escalate. These services include water supply and the mitigation of hydrological extremes;

2.Expresses its concern that major anthropogenic changes are ongoing in the Earth’s water cycle at the global, regional and local scales through direct water use and land-use change; that the limits of sustainability of both surface water and groundwater resources have already been reached or surpassed in many regions; that demands for water continue to increase; that these trends are becoming more pronounced in some areas through climate change; and that water-related stresses on biodiversity and ecosystem services are rapidly escalating;

3.Stresses that human societies rely on numerous services from inland water ecosystems and that biodiversity underpins those ecosystem services;

4.Notes that water is widely regarded to be the primary global natural resource challenge and a key natural resource link between the various Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and biodiversity;

5.Notes with appreciation the continuing value of national reports of the Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in providing key information on the status and trends of inland water biodiversity and drivers of change, and expresses its appreciation for the inputs of the Secretariat and Scientific and Technical Review Panel of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands into the in-depth review of the implementation of the programme of work on the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems;

6.Concludes that the programme of work on the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems remains a good framework for implementation of relevant activities but that implementation needs to be significantly enhanced through better coherence between land-use and water-use policies and activities, better incorporation of water issues into other programmes of work of the Convention, including with regards to water use and the management of riparian zones and habitats, and improved recognition of the relevance of inland water ecosystem services to human health, poverty reduction, sustainable development and climate change;

7.Notes with concern evidence that inland water ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to invasive alien species and urges Parties and other Governments to refer to the work on invasive alien species when implementing the programme of work on inland water ecosystems;

8.Urges Parties and other Governments to develop and implement national and regional action plans, strategic environmental assessments and to enforce existing legal measures in order to halt unsustainable use to promote the conservation and sustainable use of inland waters biodiversity especially to address inland waters over-extraction and fragmentation, including their impact on fisheries;

9.Recalling decision IX/19, paragraph 3, alerts Parties and other Governments of the continuing need to further strengthen relevant international cooperative arrangements for the management of inland watercourses and water-bodies consistent with Article 5 of the Convention;

10.Urges Parties, other Governments and relevant organizations to reinforce their efforts for the implementation of the programme of work on the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems, taking into account the relevant goals and Aichi Biodiversity Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020; and encourages Parties, other Governments and relevant organizations to reinforce capacity for the implementation of the programme of work, including institutional coordination, with particular emphasis on the contribution of the programme of work to the achievement of sustainable development, poverty alleviation and achieving the Millennium Development Goals by, inter alia:

11.Invites Parties, other Governments and relevant organizations to support programmes and activities at regional and national levels to address the drivers of loss of biodiversity of inland water ecosystems;

12.Encourages Parties and other Governments to take into full account inland water ecosystems and their values in their sectoral development plans and national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems;

13.Recognizing the importance of inland water ecosystems on islands, their often unique inland waters biodiversity and, in particular, their role in sustaining limited water supplies on islands, urges small island developing States, as appropriate, to give increased attention to the implementation of the programme of work;

14.Recognizing the importance of inland water ecosystems, such as, for example, oases in dry and sub-humid lands, urges relevant Parties and other relevant Governments, to ensure cross referencing and coherence between the programmes of work on the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems and the biological diversity of dry and sub-humid lands (as per, inter alia, decision VII/4, paragraph 11);

15.Recognizes the rapidly urbanizing global population and the importance of water supplies to cities and urges Parties and other Governments to take measures to reduce the pressure of cities on inland water ecosystems and to strengthen attention to and support for urban authorities and other stakeholders to:

16.Notes that there is a need to clarify the scope of, and inter-linkages between, the programmes of work of the Convention on the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems and the biological diversity of marine and coastal ecosystems in coastal areas, including regarding coverage of coastal wetlands under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and requests the Executive Secretary and invites the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, subject to available resources, to undertake through the joint work plan between the two conventions an assessment of ways and means to address relevant inland water biodiversity needs in coastal areas and to report on this matter to the fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice;

17.Encourages Parties and other Governments, where appropriate, to ensure that their water allocation policies are based, inter alia, on the need to achieve the sustainable availability of water of adequate quantity and quality to support ecosystem functioning and the sustainable delivery of water related or dependent ecosystem services;

18.Requests the Executive Secretary, in partnership with relevant organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Water Management Institute, to continue to investigate ways to reduce the negative impacts of agricultural water use and drainage on ecosystems and to enhance their ability to provide water for food production for present and future generations;

19.Requests the Executive Secretary, in consultation with the Secretariat and the Scientific and Technical Review Panel of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and subject to available resources, to undertake an analysis of information in the fourth national reports to the Convention on Biological Diversity relevant to the status and trends of wetlands and drivers of change in wetlands, from all programme areas, and report the findings to the Scientific and Technical Review Panel and Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in order to strengthen mutual information flow between the two conventions and in particular to inform, inter alia, the planned report on the state of the world’s wetlands;

20.Further requests the Executive Secretary, and invites the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention, to assess the status of implementation of the River Basin Initiative and to report on this matter for the information of a meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice prior to the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties;

21.Urges Parties and other Governments to consider the need for joint implementation of elements of the programmes of work on the biological diversity of inland water ecosystems and of the biological diversity of marine and coastal ecosystems, taking into account the role of biodiversity in the water cycle;

22.Notes the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change technical report Climate Change and Water, which concludes, inter alia, that the relationship between climate change and freshwater resources is a matter of primary concern as water quality and availability will be severely affected by climate change;

23.Notes that the carbon cycle and the water cycle are perhaps the two most important large-scale biogeological processes for life on Earth and that these two cycles are broadly linked;

24.Notes that inland water ecosystems are significant stores of carbon and that peatlands and other wetlands have very high carbon stocks, particularly below ground, as recognized in decision IX/16 D and in the report of the second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change,⁶² which notes that peatlands and other wetlands store more carbon than the world’s tropical forests;

25.Urges Parties and other Governments to:

26.Encourages Parties and other Governments to take into account the adaptation and mitigation capacities of wetlands when designing strategies for climate change;

27.Notes that water provides strong linkages between biodiversity, climate change and desertification and invites Parties and other Governments to build upon these linkages to further strengthen coherence between these subjects at the national level, as appropriate, to strengthen coordination and synergies between the Convention on Biological Diversity and other multilateral environmental agreements, such as the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and requests the Executive Secretary to use these linkages to strengthen collaboration within and between the Joint Liaison Group and the Biodiversity Liaison Group;

28.Stresses that reducing wetlands degradation and loss can provide multiple benefits for biodiversity and reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and therefore invites relevant bodies of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to consider the issue of wetlands degradation and loss in their framework;

29.Recognizes the need for enhanced science-policy coordination and integration between natural and socio-economic sciences and notably between the inter-related subjects, among others, of biodiversity, terrestrial and inland water ecosystem functioning and service provision, land- and water-use practices, adequate quantity, quality and sustainable water supply, poverty reduction, sustainable development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;

30.Notes the importance of robust data on inland water species in determining the status and trends of these ecosystems, including as key underlying data for other assessments and initiatives, including, inter alia, the third edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook and the 2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership, and new initiatives, such as the State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources, being undertaken by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and expresses its appreciation to these organizations, initiatives and individuals responsible for generating and maintaining the underlying datasets;

31.Urges Parties and other Governments to support strengthened capacity for the monitoring of the biodiversity of inland water ecosystems, including at the species level;

32.Recognizes the need for improved guidance on the relationships between biodiversity and water and calls for further policy-relevant scientific assessments of the relationships between biodiversity, hydrology, ecosystem services and sustainable development, in particular regarding, inter alia: and invites Parties and other Governments to provide technical and financial support for this work;

33.Recognizes the need for improved incorporation of biodiversity and ecosystem-service considerations in water-resources scenario planning and requests the Executive Secretary and invites the Scientific and Technical Review Panel of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, subject to available resources, to strengthen efforts to contribute to ongoing processes in this regard, including, inter alia, the scenario analysis being undertaken for the Fourth World Water Development Report; and invites Parties and other Governments to provide technical and financial support to this end;

34.Welcomes with appreciation the development and expanded use of tools to assist implementation of the programme of work by Parties, other Governments, international and non governmental organizations and other partners, and encourages their further development and wider application, and recognizes the need for strengthened capacity-building efforts for their use, while noting that priority needs lie in the social, economic, institutional and policy arenas in order to better coordinate the management of the multiple drivers of change to inland water ecosystems so as to achieve balanced, fair, equitable and sustained delivery of their multiple services as a contribution to sustainable development;

35.Invites Parties and other Governments to pay attention to the increasing relevance of existing guidance available under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the resolutions of the Conference of its Contracting Parties and to continue, and strengthen where necessary, consideration of this guidance and resolutions;

36.Urges Parties to both the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to take more complementary comprehensive measures for joint implementation of the two conventions at the national level, amongst other means by using the TEMATEA tool;

37.Notes that 2011 represents the fortieth anniversary of the negotiation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, and encourages Parties, other Governments and relevant organizations to contribute to the celebration of this event and to utilize it as an additional opportunity to further strengthen efforts between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands;

38.Urges Parties and other Governments to consider the implications of changes in the water cycle, and freshwater resources, where relevant and feasible, in the implementation of all thematic and cross-cutting programmes of work, and with special attention to the links between hydrology, biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and sustainable development, and requests the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technical Advice to consider these aspects;

39.Recognizing the good synergies between the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, requests the Executive Secretary, and invites the Secretariat and Scientific and Technical Review Panel of the Ramsar Convention, and other relevant partners, subject to the availability of financial resources, to establish an expert working group, building upon the relevant core expertise of the Scientific and Technical Review Panel of the Ramsar Convention, to review available information, and provide key policy relevant messages, on maintaining the ability of biodiversity to continue to support the water cycle, with the terms of reference annexed to the present decision;

40.Invites Parties, other Governments and relevant organizations to submit to the Executive Secretary science-based and/or local knowledge based information and case-studies relevant to the work of the expert group, but to also note that this work should not delay immediate action, where necessary and appropriate, at national level to address the subjects in question;

41.Requests the Executive Secretary to: disseminate the draft results of this work to Parties and other Governments, through the clearing-house mechanism and other appropriate means, for their comment and review and in order to promote the exchange of knowledge and effective application of the outcomes of this work; distribute the final report of the group to Parties and other Governments at the earliest opportunity, and to report on progress to a meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice prior to the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties;

42.Notes the role of biodiversity and ecosystems in providing services that reduce vulnerability to the impact of some natural disasters, in particular water-related impacts such as flooding and drought, and that current global changes are anticipated to increase disaster vulnerability and risk;

43.Encourages Parties and other Governments to recognize the role of healthy ecosystems, and in particular wetlands, in protecting human communities from some natural disasters and to integrate these considerations into relevant policies;

44.Encourages Parties and other Governments to conserve, sustainably use and, where necessary, restore ecosystems so that freshwater flows and water resources sustain biodiversity and thus contribute to human well-being;

45.Requests the Executive Secretary, subject to resources, in collaboration with partners, including the Ramsar Convention and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction to: and invites Parties and other Governments to provide technical and financial support to this end;

46.Notes that water provisioning, regulation and purification: And that there is a clear scientific and technical basis to strengthen attention to water across all relevant interests and programmes of work of the Convention;

47.Making full use of the opportunities presented by the recognition of the role of biodiversity in water provisioning, regulation and purification, and hence sustaining water resources, urges Parties, other Governments, and relevant organizations to mainstream biodiversity into all sectors and levels of government and society as a contribution to the achievement of the objectives of the Convention;