Resources for managing pathwys of introduction and spread

Barros, A., Shackleton, R., Rew, L., et al. (2022). Tourism, recreation and biological invasions. CABI. Includes information on how tourism-related infrastructure and activities promote biological invasions, including key pathways for non-native invasive species introductions. 

CBD COP Decision XII/16. Guidance on devising and implementing measures to address the risks associated with the introduction of alien species as pets, aquarium and terrarium species, and as live bait and live food. 

ICAO. (2007). Air transport remains a major pathway for invasive alien species. Document highlighting the role of air transportation as a pathway for invasive alien species.

IMO. (2023). Guidelines for the control and management of ships' biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species. Intended to provide a globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling, which is the accumulation of various aquatic organisms on hulls of ship.

IMO. Guidance documents on ballast water management. Series of guidelines to support governments and stakeholders on uniform and effective implementation of BWM Convention.

IMO/ILO/UNECE Code of Practice for Packing of Cargo Transport Units. The CTU Code, inter alia, introduces a duty to ensure that cargo transport units, including shipping containers, are not infested with plants, plant products, insects or other animals. 

IPPC E-commerce Portal. A guide to managing the pest risk posed by goods ordered online and distributed through postal and courier pathways. 

IPPC International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMS). As of April 2024, there are 46 ISPMS, 33 diagnostic protocols, and 46 phytosanitary treatments that aim to protect agriculture and food security, and the environment and biodiversity from plant pests and diseases. These include on the intentional movement of: seeds; wood; growing media in association with plants for planting; and used vehicles, machinery and equipment.

IPPC Sea container supply chains and cleanliness. This guidance identifies the key parties involved in the international container supply chains and describes their roles and responsibilities for minimizing visible pest contamination of sea containers and their cargoes, and best practices they may follow to meet that objective. 

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2010. Pets, Aquarium, and Terrarium Species: Best Practices for Addressing Risks to Biodiversity. Montreal, SCBD, Technical Series No. 48.

WOAH Standards, Guidelines, and Recommendations. Includes the Terrestrial and Aquatic Animal Health codes that provide standards for the improvement of animal health and welfare and veterinary public health worldwide, including through standards for safe international trade.