Formal, non-formal, informal, incidental or random collective action or inaction
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A few researchers referred to terms like informal systems, or collective inaction (see below). It might be useful to try to define these terms as follows:
1. Formal collective action. Collective action that is institutionalized, intentional and planned through public organizations and recognized private bodies. Formal collective action is related to national or sub-national biodiversity organizations/authorities.
2. Non-formal collective action. Collective action that is institutionalized, intentional and planned by a collective action provider. The defining characteristic of non-formal collective action is that it is an addition, alternative and/or complement to formal collective action. It may be short in duration and/or narrow in scope, and its results are not recognized as formal or equivalent to formal collective action.
3. Informal collective action. Forms of collective action that are intentional or deliberate but are not institutionalized. It is consequently less organized and structured than either formal or non-formal collective action. Informal collective action may include activities that occur in the family, local community and daily life, on a self-directed, family-directed or socially-directed basis.
4. Incidental or random collective action. Various forms of collective action that are not organized or that involve activities not designed to bring about biodiversity outcome. Incidental or random collective action may occur as a by-product of day-to-day activities, or events that are not designed as deliberate biodiversity activities.
Reference:
Bystrom, M. 2004. "Formal and Informal Systems in Support of Farmer Management of Agro-Biodiversity: Some Policy Challenges to Consolidate Lessons Learned." CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi), International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. (CAPRi Working Paper, no. 31).
http://hdl.handle.net/10535/4173Ghate, R. and D. Mehra. 2008. "Integrating Informal with Formal Forest Management Institutions for Sustainable Collective Action in India." In Decentralization, Forests and Rural Communities: Policy Outcomes in South and Southeast Asia. E.L. Webb and G.P. Shivakoti, eds. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
Odero, K.K. 2002. "Collective Action, Inaction, and the Global Commons." Presented at "The Commons in an Age of Globalisation," the Ninth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, June 2002.
http://hdl.handle.net/10535/447Ostrom, El. 1987. "The Implications of the Collective Inactionfor Administrative Theory." Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington.
http://hdl.handle.net/10535/4269
