Financial Mechanism and Resources

T11 (Regulating Services): How to Use GEF Funding

This page aims to provide information regarding the restoration, maintaining and enhancement of nature’s contributions to people, including ecosystem functions and services, such as regulation of air, water, and climate, soil health, pollination and reduction of disease risk, as well as protection from natural hazards and disasters, for recipient Parties and relevant stakeholders, including how to access funding of the Global Environment Facility in this regard. It is a work in progress and will be updated as necessary.

Financial support of the Global Environment Facility

GEF-financed projects related to regulating services

• Blue Green Islands
• Ecosystem Restoration
• Food Systems
• Amazon, Congo, and Critical Forest Biomes
• Net Zero Nature Positive Accelerator
• BDFA: Objective One
• LDFA: Objectives One and Two

Guidance to Parties

Environmental Quality

• Support monitoring programmes that help evaluate the impacts of local and long-range air pollution on biodiversity and ecosystem services at all levels and take appropriate measures to prevent and mitigate the impacts; (VI/22, annex, programme element 1, goal 2, objective 2(b); VII/27, annex, action 1.1.8)
• Set up comprehensive national/local water quality monitoring programmes; (XII/23, annex, para. 8.2a)
• Implement comprehensive watershed and coastal water quality management plans that reduce all major types of pollution, especially those causing eutrophication, sublethal effects on corals, lower seawater pH or other negative impacts; (XII/23, annex, para. 8.2b)
• Ensure that water allocation policies are based, inter alia, on the need to achieve the sustainable availability of water of adequate quantity and quality to support ecosystem functioning and the sustainable delivery of water‑related or dependent ecosystem services; (X/28, para. 17)
• Encourage the adoption of integrated watershed, catchment and river basin management strategies to maintain, restore or improve the quality and supply of inland water resources and the economic, social, hydrological, biological diversity and other functions and values of inland water ecosystems; (IV/4, annex I, para. 9(a))
• Take measures to sustain the ability of ecosystems to supply sufficient water of appropriate quality thus contributing to, inter alia, water supply for urban areas; (X/28, para. 15(a))
• Further efforts in sea areas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, that are affected by multiple direct and indirect anthropogenic influences originating from the watershed area, and where the biodiversity issues require an integrated holistic approach aiming to improve the water quality and restore the health and functioning of the whole ecosystem; (X/29, para. 13(j) and 71)
• Promote research into, and development and implementation of, integrated pest management strategies, in particular, methods and practices alternative to the use of agro-chemicals, that maintain biodiversity, enhance agro-ecosystem resilience, maintain soil and water quality and do not affect human health; (III/11, para. 15(k))
• Encourage the use of low-cost (appropriate) technology, non-structural and innovative approaches to meet watershed management goals, such as using wetlands to improve water quality, using forests and wetlands to recharge groundwater and maintain the hydrological cycle, to protect water supplies and using natural floodplains to prevent flood damage, and to use indigenous species for aquaculture; (VII/4, annex, goal 2.2, activity 2.2.2; IV/4, annex I, para. 9(b); Convention on Wetlands (CBD/SBI/3/6/Add.3, 16 February 2021))
• Emphasize more effective conservation and efficiency in water use, together with non-engineering solutions, and apply environmentally appropriate technologies, such as low-cost sewage treatment and recycling of industrial water, to assist in the conservation and sustainable use of inland waters; (VII/4, annex, goal 2.2, activity 2.2.4)

Climate and Natural Hazards

• Develop specific participatory plans, including community response and mitigation plans, to address specific disasters such as flooding, storm surges, drought, bush fires and mainstream these into national planning processes, including appropriate traditional practices; (VIII/1, annex, priority action 8.1.3.2)
• Develop approaches to build resilience of ecosystem functions and services to climate-change risks and to natural hazards, and other anthropogenic pressures, as well as for adaptation to environmental stress, for consideration in strategies and national development/sectoral plans, and take measures to manage ecosystems so as to maintain their resilience extreme climate events and to help mitigate and adapt to climate change; (XII/5, para. 6; VII/15, para. 12)
• Support proactive planning and adaptive measures to reduce the vulnerability to both natural and human-induced hazards adversely impacting on mountain biological diversity, cultural landscapes and local communities; (VII/27, annex, action 2.1.8)
• Develop mechanisms and implement measures to reduce human-induced slope instability, adverse effects of natural geological hazards, and to maintain and/or enhance soil stability and ecosystem integrity by way of a diverse and natural vegetation cover that will also promote soil biodiversity function; (VII/27, annex, action 1.1.2)
• Promote integrated watershed management practices at all levels for maintaining ecosystem integrity, soil stability on slopes, upstream-downstream inter-connections and protection against natural hazards (VII/27, annex, action 1.3.9)
• Design adaptive integrated marine and coastal area management programmes that respond to environmental change, as well as recurrent or emerging physical or biological hazards, as long-term mitigation tools complementary to early warning systems for coastal/marine hazards; (VIII/22, para. 3(b))
• Mainstream the management of the risks of natural disasters and extreme events to island biodiversity and communities into the national planning process; (VIII/1, annex, priority action 8.1.3)
• Support the implementation of ecosystem restoration for the mitigation and management of the impact of extreme weather events and for ecosystem‑based adaptation to climate change, taking note of extreme weather events, and strengthen efforts to conserve and restore ecosystems that provide protection against tidal and storm surges and damage (e.g. mangroves, coral reefs, and sand dunes); (XI/16, para. 4(b); VIII/1, annex, priority action 8.1.1.2)
• Encourage additional research and monitoring on the impacts of increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events on biodiversity and associated resources; (IX/16B, annex II, para. 24)
• Identify and implement effective early-warning systems (forecasting) and strategies that address natural hazards and their impacts on island biodiversity and its recovery capacity, such as tsunamis, hurricanes, storm surges, floods, and tropical storms and longer-term trends such as climate change, sea level rise, El Niňo and La Niňa phenomena; (VIII/1, annex, priority action 8.1.2.1)
• Empower or maintain the capacity of indigenous and local communities to address, respond and adapt effectively to natural hazards and their impacts on island biodiversity, taking into account traditional practices; (VIII/1, annex, priority action 8.1.1.1)
• Establish and strengthen formal national and local organizations responsible for disaster preparedness, response and mitigation including on islands; (VIII/1, annex, priority action 8.1.1-8.1.8)
• Integrate education and awareness related to biodiversity’s role in natural hazard reduction into ongoing natural disaster programmes including on islands; (VIII/1, annex, priority action 8.1.3.1))

Financial support of the Global Environment Facility

Blue Green Islands

Ecosystem Restoration

Food Systems

Amazon, Congo, and Critical Forest Biomes

Net Zero Nature Positive Accelerator

BDFA: Objective One

LDFA: Objectives One and Two

Natural hazard and disaster

• 2004 Hazard Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project Romania The World Bank $7,000,000
• 2004 Sustainable Land Use Planning for Integrated Land and Water Management for Disaster Preparedness and Vulnerability Reduction in the Lower Limpopo Basin Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Regional United Nations Environment Programme $970,000
• 2005 Disaster Hazard Mitigation Project (DHMP) Kyrgyz Republic The World Bank $1,000,000
• 2010 Reducing Vulnerability to Climate Change by Establishing Early Warning and Disaster Preparedness Systems and Support for Integrated Watershed Management in Flood Prone Areas Rwanda United Nations Environment Programme $3,486,000
• 2010 Strengthening the Capacity of Vulnerable Coastal Communities to Address the Risk of Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events Thailand United Nations Development Programme $869,091
• 2011 Increasing Resilience to Climate Variability and Hazards Kiribati The World Bank $3,000,000
• 2011 Reducing Disaster Risks from Wildfire Hazards Associated with Climate Change South Africa United Nations Development Programme $3,536,400
• 2017 Increasing Resilience to Climate Change and Natural Hazards Vanuatu The World Bank $5,580,000
• 2011 GGW: Integrated Disaster and Land Management (IDLM) Project Togo The World Bank $9,157,407
• 2011 Southeastern Europe and Caucasus Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (SEEC CRIF) Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Regional The World Bank $5,500,000
• 2013 Effective Governance for Small Scale Rural Infrastructure and Disaster Preparedness in a Changing Climate Lao PDR United Nations Development Programme $4,700,000
• 2013 Integrating Traditional Crop Genetic Diversity into Technology Using a BD Portfolio Approach to Buffer Against Unpredictable Environmental Change in the Nepal Himalayas Nepal United Nations Environment Programme $2,300,000
• 2014 Community Resilience to Climate and Disaster Risk in Solomon Islands Project Solomon Islands The World Bank $7,300,000
• 2014 Promoting Climate-resilient Development and Enhanced Adaptive Capacity to Withstand Disaster Risks in Angola’s Cuvelai River Basin Angola United Nations Development Programme $8,200,000
• 2014 Strengthening Community Resilience to Climate-induced Disasters in the Dili to Ainaro Road Development Corridor, Timor Leste Timor Leste United Nations Development Programme $5,250,000
• 2014 Community Disaster Risk Management in Burundi Burundi United Nations Development Programme $8,715,000
• 2014 Addressing the Risk of Climate-induced Disasters through Enhanced National and Local Capacity for Effective Actions Bhutan United Nations Development Programme $11,491,200
• 2016 Flood Hazard and Climate Risk Management to Secure Lives and Assets in Mali Mali United Nations Development Programme $8,925,000
• 2016 Southeast Europe and Central Asia Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility Kazakhstan The World Bank $5,000,000
• 2017 Adapting Afghan Communities to Climate-Induced Disaster Risks Afghanistan United Nations Development Programme $5,600,000
• 2017 Strengthening Comoros Resilience Against Climate Change and Variability Related Disaster Comoros United Nations Development Programme $8,932,421
• 2019 Support for Integrated Water Resources Management to Ensure Water Access and Disaster Reduction for Somalia's Pastoralists Somalia United Nations Development Programme $8,831,000
• 2020 Enhancing Whole of Islands Approach to Strengthen Community Resilience to Climate and Disaster Risks in Kiribati Kiribati United Nations Development Programme $8,925,000
• 2020 Promoting Index-based Weather Insurance for Small Holder Farmers in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso United Nations Development Programme $4,466,175
• 2022 Building Resilience in the Wake of Climate Disasters in Southern Haiti Haiti United Nations Environment Programme $4,327,857
• GEF - 7 Enhancing Environmental Security and Transboundary Cooperation in the Golok/Kolok River Basin Malaysia, Thailand, Regional Food and Agriculture Organization $4,000,000

Soil

• 2001 Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and Change at National Scales Brazil, India, Jordan, Kenya, Global United Nations Environment Programme $978,000
• 2007 Groundnut Basin Soil Management and Regeneration Senegal United Nations Development Programme $3,655,728
• 2011 SFM Rehabilitation of Forest Landscapes and Degraded Land with Particular Attention to Saline Soils and Areas Prone to Wind Erosion Iran Food and Agriculture Organization $2,668,300
• 2014 Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, Forests, Soil and Water to Achieve the Good Living (Buen Vivir / Sumac Kasay) in the Napo Province Ecuador Food and Agriculture Organization $2,628,283
• 2014 Energy Conservation, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Soil Carbon Sequestration in Staple Crop Production China The World Bank $5,100,000

Air

• 2003 Sustainable Transport and Air Quality for Santiago Chile The World Bank $6,980,000
• 2006 Sustainable Co-Management of the Natural Resources of the Air-Tenere Complex Niger United Nations Development Programme $4,000,000
• 2008 LAC Regional Sustainable Transport and Air Quality Project Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Regional The World Bank $20,800,000

Water

• 1999 Energy and Water Sector Reform and Development Cabo Verde The World Bank $4,700,000
• 1999 Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) Global United Nations Environment Programme $6,495,000
• 1999 World Water Vision - Water and Nature Global The World Bank $700,000
• 2000 Removal of Barriers to the Effective Implementation of Ballast Water Control and Management Measures in Developing Countries Global United Nations Development Programme $7,392,000
• 2001 Institutional Strengthening and Resource Mobilization for Mainstreaming Integrated Land and Water Management Approaches into Development Programs in Africa Ethiopia, Madagascar, Niger, Regional The World Bank $1,000,000
• 2002 Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project - Micro Watershed and Environmental Management Project Nigeria The World Bank $8,000,000
• 2002 Development and Implementation of Mechanisms to disseminate Lessons Learned and Best Practices in Integrated Transboundary Water Resources Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Brazil United Nations Environment Programme $972,000
• 2003 Integrating Watershed and Biodiversity Management in Chu Yang Sin National Parkv Viet Nam The World Bank $973,000
• 2003 Conservation of the Eg-Uur Watershed Mongolia The World Bank, International Finance Corporation $975,000
• 2003 Development of a Wetland Site and Flyway Network for Conservation of the Siberian Crane and Other Migratory Waterbirds in Asia China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Regional United Nations Environment Programme $10,000,000
• 2003 Biomass Energy for Heating and Hot Water Supply Belarus United Nations Development Programme $3,129,000
• 2004 Development and Implementation of a Sustainable Resource Management Plan for Marsabit Mountain and its associated Watersheds Kenya United Nations Environment Programme $924,000
• 2004 Demonstrations of Integrated Ecosystem and Watershed Management in the Caatinga, Phase I Brazil United Nations Development Programme $4,000,000
• 2004 Integrated Water and Ecosystems Management Project Albania The World Bank $4,870,000
• 2005 Integrating Protected Area and Landscape Management in the Golden Stream Watershed Belize United Nations Development Programme $975,000
• 2005 Enhancing Conservation of the Critical Network of Sites of Wetlands Required by Migratory Waterbirds on the African/Eurasian Flyways. Estonia, Gambia, Hungary, Lithuania, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Türkiye, Yemen, Regional United Nations Environment Programme $6,000,000
• 2005 Groundwater and Drought Management in SADC Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Regional The World Bank $7,000,000
• 2005 Demonstrating Sustainable Land Management in the Upper Sabana Yegua Watershed System Dominican Republic United Nations Development Programme $4,434,695
• 2006 Community-based Watershed Management Project Mauritania The World Bank $6,000,000
• 2007 Integration of Ecosystem Management Principles and Practices into Land and Water Management of Slovakia’s Eastern Lowlands Slovak Republic United Nations Development Programme $970,000
• 2007 Regional Dialogue and Twinning to Improve Transboundary Water Resources Governance in Africa Africa, Regional United Nations Development Programme $1,000,000
• 2007 Building Partnerships to Assist Developing Countries to Reduce the Transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms in Ships' Ballast Water (GloBallast Partnerships) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Ecuador, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Jordan, Libya, Mexico, Morocco, Panama, Peru, South Africa, Sudan, Trinidad and Tobago, Türkiye, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen, Global United Nations Development Programme $5,688,000
• 2008 Enhancing the Use of Science in International Waters Projects to Improve Project Results Global United Nations Environment Programme $1,000,000
• 2008 Accruing Multiple Global Benefits through Integrated Water Resources Management/ Water Use Efficiency Planning: A Demonstration Project for Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana United Nations Development Programme $975,000
• 2008 MENARID: Mainstreaming Sustainable Land and Water Management Practices Jordan International Fund for Agricultural Development $6,445,000
• 2008 SIP: Watershed Management Madagascar The World Bank $5,900,000
• 2009 CTI GEF IW: LEARN: Portfolio Learning in International Waters with a Focus on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands and Regional Asia/Pacific and Coral Triangle Learning Processes - under the Coral Triangle Initiative Regional, Global United Nations Development Programme, Asian Development Bank $2,700,000
• 2009 Development of Methodologies for GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Global United Nations Environment Programme $950,000
• 2009 SIP: Eastern Nile Transboundary Watershed Management in Support of ENSAP Implementation Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, Regional The World Bank $8,700,000
• 2009 SFM Sustainable Land Management of the Upper Watersheds of South Western Haiti Haiti Inter-American Development Bank $3,436,364
• 2010 Mainstreaming the Conservation of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity at the Micro-watershed Scale in Chiapas Mexico United Nations Environment Programme $1,484,044
• 2010 Citarum Watershed Management and Biodiversity Conservation Project Indonesia Asian Development Bank $3,750,000
• 2010 CBPF: Integrated Ecosystem and Water Resources Management in the Baiyangdian Basin China Asian Development Bank $2,975,000
• 2010 Groundwater Governance: A Global Framework for Country Action Global Food and Agriculture Organization $1,750,000
• 2010 SIP: Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Project (PIWAMP) Gambia African Development Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development $4,400,000
• 2011 SFM Sustainable Management of Biodiversity and Water Resources in the Ibarra-San Lorenzo Corridor Ecuador International Fund for Agricultural Development $2,700,000
• 2011 SIP: Harmonizing support: a national program integrating water harvesting schemes and sustainable land management Djibouti United Nations Development Programme $959,500
• 2012 MED: Enhanced Water Resources Management Egypt The World Bank $6,682,000
• 2012 GGW: Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) Nigeria The World Bank $8,592,593
• 2013 Watershed Approach to Sustainable Coffee Production in Burundi Burundi The World Bank $4,200,000
• 2014 PSG-Additional financing - Sustainable Land and Water Management Project Ghana The World Bank $8,750,000
• 2014 Solomon Islands Water Sector Adaptation Project (SIWSAP) Solomon Islands United Nations Development Programme $6,850,000
• 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management in SADC Member States Angola, Botswana, Congo DR, Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Regional The World Bank $8,200,000
• 2015 A New Green Line: Mainstreaming Biodiversity Conservation Objectives and Practices into China’s Water Resources Management Policy and Planning Practice China Food and Agriculture Organization $2,639,726
• 2015 Integrating Water, Land and Ecosystems Management in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (IWEco) Antigua And Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts And Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Regional United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Development Programme $20,722,571
• 2015 GEF International Waters Learning Exchange and Resources Network IW LEARN Global United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme $4,987,500
• 2015 Securing Watershed Services through Sustainable Land Management in the Ruvu and Zigi Catchments, Eastern Arc Region, Tanzania Tanzania United Nations Development Programme $3,648,858
• 2016 Promoting the Use of Electric Water Pumps for Irrigation Sudan United Nations Development Programme $4,365,753
• 2016 Integrated Water Resources Management in the Titicaca-Desaguadero-Poopo-Salar de Coipasa (TDPS) System Bolivia, Peru, Regional United Nations Development Programme $6,563,750
• 2016 GEF Mainstreaming Integrated Water and Environment Management China The World Bank $9,500,000
• 2018 Implementing Land, Water and Ecosystem Management Bahamas United Nations Environment Programme $863,242
• 2015 Enabling Transboundary Cooperation and Integrated Water Resources Management in the White Drin and the Extended Drin Basin Kosovo United Nations Development Programme $1,000,000
• 2016 Integrated Solutions for Energy, Water, Energy and Land Global United Nations Industrial Development Organization $1,900,000
• 2018 Integrated Environmental Management of the Rio Motagua Watershed Guatemala, Honduras, Regional United Nations Development Programme $5,329,452
• 2019 Enhancing Conjunctive Management of Surface and Groundwater Resources in Selected Transboundary Aquifers: Case Study for Selected Shared Groundwater Bodies in the Nile Basin Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Regional United Nations Development Programme $5,329,452
• 2020 Management of Competing Water Uses and Associated Ecosystems in Pungwe, Busi and Save Basins Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Regional International Union for Conservation of Nature $6,000,000
• 2020 Integrated Management of Water Resources of the Mira-Mataje and Carchi-Guaitara, Colombia–Ecuador Binational Basins Colombia, Ecuador, Regional United Nations Development Programme $3,850,000
• 2021 Implementation of the SAP of the Dinaric Karst Aquifer System: Improving Groundwater Governance and Sustainability of Related Ecosystems Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Regional United Nations Development Programme $5,145,000
• 2020 South Tarawa Water Supply Project Kiribati Asian Development Bank $4,587,156
• 2021 Sustainable Luangwa: Securing Luangwa's water resources for shared socioeconomic and environmental benefits through integrated catchment management Zambia World Wildlife Fund - US Chapter $2,889,155
• 2021 Integrated Landscape Management in Dominican Republic Watersheds Dominican Republic The World Bank $4,063,927
• 2022 Improving the flow of ecosystem services in biologically-rich watersheds of the Southern region of Haiti Haiti United Nations Development Programme $5,055,479
• 2022 Eldoret-Iten Water Fund for Tropical Water Tower Conservation Kenya International Fund for Agricultural Development $2,630,139
• 2022 Funafuti Water and Sanitation Project Tuvalu Asian Development Bank $4,587,156
• 2022 GEF Sustainable Groundwater Management In SADC Member States Project Phase 2 Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Congo DR, Eswatini, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Regional The World Bank $4,566,210
• 2023 Management of Indonesian and Timor-Leste Transboundary Watersheds (MITLTW) Indonesia, Timor Leste, Regional Conservation International $4,999,541
• GEF - 7 Global Partnership for Mitigation of Underwater Noise from Shipping (GloNoise Partnership) Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, India, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Global United Nations Development Programme $1,950,000
• GEF - 7 Integrated trasnboundary water resources management in the Corubal basin between Guinée and Guinée-Bissau Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Regional International Union for Conservation of Nature $6,300,000
• GEF - 7 Lake Kivu and Rusizi River Basin Water Quality Management Project Burundi, Congo DR, Rwanda, Regional African Development Bank $5,736,073

Potential implementation/project partners

Related references

ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2020. Asian Water Development Outlook 2020: Advancing Water Security Across Asia and the Pacific. Manila: ADB.
ADB. 2022. Strategy 2030 Water Sector Directional Guide—A Water-Secure and Resilient Asia and the Pacific. Manila: ADB.
ADB Independent Evaluation. 2022. Integrated water management: evaluation of ADB’s water sector policy and program, 2011-2021. Sector-wide Evaluation, SW-04. Manila: ADB.
AfDB (African Development Bank). 2015. Water supply & sanitation in Africa: findings, lessons and good practices to improve delivery. African Development Bank Group Independent Development Evaluation. Abidjan: AfDB.
AfDB. 2021. Water Strategy 2021-2025
Bretas, F., G. Casanova, T. Crisman, A. Embid, L. Martin, F. Miralles, and R. Muñoz, R. 2020. Water for the Future: water security strategy for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Caribbean Strategy and Work Plan for the Inter-American Development Bank. Washington DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
Burke, E. R., J. M. Tront, K. N. Lyon, W. Rex, E. M. I. Castera, M. C. Varughese , J. T. Newton, A. N. Becker, and A. L. Vale. 2023. What the future has in store: a new paradigm for water storage. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2008. Coping with water scarcity: An action framework for agriculture and food security, Rome: FAO.
FAO. 2021. Strategic Framework 2022-2031, FAO, Rome, October.
FAO. 2023. Evaluation of FAO’s contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 6. Thematic Evaluation Series. Rome: FAO.
IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). 2014. Water conservation and management. Evaluation Synthesis Report No. 3096. Document of the International Fund for Agricultural Development, Independent Office of Evaluation. Rome: IFAD.
IFAD. 2022. Handbook for scaling irrigation systems. Rome: IFAD.
IFAD. 2022. Water harvesting systems for smallholder producers, tips for selection and design. Rome: IFAD.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. 2022. “Financing a water secure future.” OECD, Paris. DOI: 10.1787/a2ecb261-en
UN Water. 2022. Water and Climate change. UN Water, Geneva.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2005. “Water for Life: Community Water Security.” UNDP, New York.
UNDP. 2021. Indigenous peoples, water and climate change. Policy brief. UNDP-SIWI Water Governance Facility.
UNEP. 2021. Freshwater Strategy 2017-2021. UNEP, Geneva.
UNESCO. 2021. Progress on transboundary water cooperation: global status of SDG indicator 6.5.2 and acceleration needs. UNESCO, Paris.
UNICEF. 2021. Evaluation synthesis of UN System and Development Bank work towards SDG 6. Evaluation Synthesis Report. UNICEF, New York.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 2015. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Geneva.
United Nations University. 2013. “Water security and the global water agenda: A UN-Water Analytical Brief.” Hamilton, Canada: Institute for Water, Environment and Health
World Bank. 2020. Turning the tide: Improving water security or recovery and sustainable growth in Colombia. Feature story. September 2, 2020.