29. What is the difference between signing and ratifying the Protocol?
At the closing date for signature i.e. 4 June 2001, the Protocol had 103 signatures. By signing the Protocol, States indicate general support for its objective and provisions, as well as their intention to become parties to the Protocol in the future and be legally bound by it. However, the Protocol does not become legally binding until a State joins the Protocol by depositing an instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance, or approval with the Depositary – the Secretary-General of the United Nations, signed by the Head of State or Government or the Minister for Foreign Affairs. Once a State deposits such an instrument, the Protocol enters into force for that State ninety days later provided the Protocol itself has already entered into force at that time; at this point the State is bound by the provisions of the Protocol and must comply with the obligations therein.
