2017
NRCS and Investment Capital: Investing in America Together, September 2017. Ways to work with private capital: Public capital for public returns, private capital for private returns; crating the conditions for engaging investment capital in NRCS programs. Opportunities to leverage investment capital through Environmental quality incentives program (EQIP), agricultural conservation easements program (ACEP), regional conservation partnership program (RCPP), conservation innovation grants (CIG).

Noise pollution is pervasive in U.S. protected areas, by Rachel T. Buxton et al. Animals use noise for many essential functions, such as dodging predators, finding food and mates and maintaining relationships in social groups. The impact of noise can cascade across entire ecosystems, even leading to effects on plants as the wildlife that interact with them changes. Many animals that disperse seeds or pollinate flowers can hear, and are known to be affected by noise. Plant grazers could also become more abundant if noise drives their predators away. The researchers identified the key causes of noise pollution as roads and air traffic, settlements and the extractive industries, such as forestry, fracking and mining. Protected area laws in the US do not include measures to monitor or manage noise pollution from human activities. Anthropogenic noise doubled background sound levels in 63% of U.S. protected area units and caused a 10-fold or greater increase in 21%, surpassing levels known to interfere with human visitor experience and disrupt wildlife behavior, fitness, and community composition. Elevated noise was also found in critical habitats of endangered species, with 14% experiencing a 10-fold increase in sound levels. However, protected areas with more stringent regulations had less anthropogenic noise.

Center for American Progress: Green Is Good: How Smart Policy Can Sustain Growth of Private Investment in Conservation, by Ryan Richards, April 2017. Environmental markets in the United States facilitate at least $2.8 billion in transactions annually. From 2014 through 2015, more than $1.15 billion in private capital was injected into markets for habitat conservation and water management, reflecting a new trend in business to find investment opportunities that also deliver social and environmental benefits. The Outdoor Industry Association found that the outdoor recreation economy generated $646 billion in economic activity annually and directly supported 6.1 million jobs. Rural counties with more than 30 percent of their area managed as public lands—an anchor of the outdoor economy—benefited the most, showing higher growth rates and per-capita incomes. Estimates place the annual economic contribution of restoration at roughly $9.5 billion, including the direct employment of more than 125,000 workers. More than 1,200 mitigation banks were in operation as of 2016 to create and protect new wetlands and aid in endangered species recovery. In 2014, the water utility for the District of Columbia, DC Water, launched a $25 million environmental impact bond, the first of its kind for a municipal water authority. Sold in 2016 to Goldman Sachs, the goal of the bond is to improve compliance with Clean Water Act standards for stormwater runoff by financing green infrastructure projects, which are built to mimic natural processes for water filtration and retention near DC Water’s water treatment facilities.

The economic value of grassland species for carbon storage, Hungate et al., Science Advances 2017;3: e1601880, 5 April 2017. At small scales, about 2.47 acres, going from one to two plant species over a 50-year time period would store an additional 9.1 metric tons of carbon, potentially saving $804 per 2.47 acres based on a mid-range estimate ($137 per metric ton) of the social cost of carbon. At larger scales, cost savings could hypothetically be significant. For example, adding just one species to the approximately 29.5 million acres of cultivated lands restored to grasslands by USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program could save over $700 million. The biggest cost savings come from restoring the most degraded, species-poor lands. These numbers underestimate the total value of increased biodiversity because biodiversity confers economic value in many ways beyond storing carbon. Biodiversity means products like wood, food, and fuel, and services like recreation, water purification, and flood protection, all of which could be quantified.

Climate Leadership Council: The Conservative Case for Carbon Dividends: How a new climate strategy can strengthen our economy, reduce regulation, help working-class Americans, shrink government & promote national security, February 2017. The four pillars of a carbon dividends plan: a gradually increasing carbon tax from $40 per ton; carbon dividends for all Americans; border carbon adjustments; significant regulatory rollback.

Assessing the Market Size for Large-scale Adoption of Green Infrastructure in the Great Lakes Basin, S. K. Sinha et al, Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc., Report, 46 pp, January 2017. Large scale adoption of green infrastructure provides significant economies of scale, and savings of using large-scale green infrastructure ranged from 40 percent to 96 percent of the total project cost.

U.S. Department of Energy: US energy and employment report, January 2017. Solar energy employed 374,000 people over the year 2015-2016, making up 43 per cent of the Electric Power Generation sector’s workforce, while the traditional fossil fuels combined employed 187,117, making up just 22 per cent of the workforce. This gap is growing, with net generation from coal sources declining by 53 per cent between 2006 and September 2016, while electricity generation from natural gas increased by 33 per cent and solar by over 5,000 per cent in the same period.

(2017) Consistent negative response of US crops to high temperatures in observations and crop models, by Bernhard Schauberger et al, Nature Communications 8, Article number: 13931, published online: 19 January 2017. High temperatures could seriously harm the production of some of the world’s most important food crops, including corn, soybeans and wheat: Each day >30 °C diminishes maize and soybean yields by up to 6% under rainfed conditions.

2016
Conservation Finance & Impact Investing for U.S. Water: A Report from the 2016 Aspen-Nicholas Water Forum. 2016. Lauren Patterson, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University; Martin Doyle, Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University; and Nicole Buckley, Assistant Director, Energy & Environment Program, The Aspen Institute.
Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy, by Curt Tarnoff and Marian L. Lawson, 17 June 2016
Prelisting Conservation Policy, The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service. The Director's Order provides incentives for landowners to conserve candidate species, which are not listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Landowners, government agencies, and others can obtain credits for current conservation efforts benefiting declining species, and these conservation credits can be redeemed later or sold to a third party to offset or mitigate detrimental actions to a species if it later gains ESA protection. Credits can be earned only before a species becomes listed and only for actions that are not mandated by federal, state, or local law. This policy will help us further our efforts to protect species and their ecosystems to prevent their further decline and ultimately the need to list them under the ESA.
Carbon storage in US wetlands, A. M. Nahlik et al, Nature Communications (2016). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13835. Wetlands in the conterminous U.S. store a total of 11.52 petagrams of carbon—roughly equivalent to four years of annual carbon emissions by the nation. Freshwater inland wetlands store nearly 10 times more carbon than tidal saltwater sites on a national basis due to the sheer extent of freshwater inland wetlands on the landscape. Despite only occupying between 5 and 8 percent of the earth's land surface, wetlands hold between 20 and 30 percent of its estimated global soil carbon. Levels of carbon retention are significantly lower in wetlands with the greatest human activity compared to site with lesser amounts of human activity.
Resource Environmental Solutions Receives Investment from KKR, June 2016, Significant Investment to Fuel Growth of Leader in Ecological Restoration Market
Forest Trends: An Atlas of Ecosystem Markets in the United States, by Genevieve Bennett, et al, October 2016. The way markets are designed also varies: watershed markets can use as the unit of exchange a standardized credit (Trading and Offsets), a water right (Instream buybacks), or a unit more flexibly defined according to project context (Payments for Watershed Services). 2015
Mitigating Impacts on Natural Resources from Development and Encouraging Related Private Investment, Federal Register, Vol. 80, No. 215, 6 November 2015. Central themes of the Memorandum and the policies and principles included: (i) Promoting private and non-profit investment in natural resource mitigation, (ii) Promoting the use of mitigation measures that provide restoration prior to a project’s impacts occurring, (iii) Making it the policy of the agencies to “avoid and then minimize harmful effects to land, water, wildlife, and other ecological resource (‘natural resources’) cause by land- or water-disturbing activities, and to ensure that any remaining harmful effects are effectively addressed, consistent with existing mission and legal authorities,” (iv) Utilizing existing watershed or regional studies to better direct where development could occur (or not occur) to result in fewer natural resource impacts, (v) Requiring the development of consistent national mitigation policies (mitigation being generally defined as avoidance, minimizing and then mitigation/compensating for impacts) across agencies relating to “the impacts of their activities and the projects they approve,” to create more predictability for the regulated community and mitigation bankers to help speed permitting, and provide more security for long term entrepreneurial investments, while at the same time providing larger scale mitigation planning and benefits, (vi) Establishing as agency mitigation policy a “net benefit goal, or at a minimum a no net loss for natural resources the agency manages that are important, scarce, or sensitive, or wherever doing so is consistent with agency mission and established natural resource objectives.” If it is determined that a resource is irreplaceable, avoidance, consistent with applicable legal authorities, was to be the preferred approach.
Estimating the Size and Impact of the Ecological Restoration Economy, by Todd BenDor et al. June 2015. Ecological restoration is a $9.5 billion industry employing about 126,000 people directly. The restoration economy indirectly generates $15 billion and 95,000 jobs, bringing restoration’s total economic output value to nearly $25 billion. In terms of direct employment, it ranks behind the oil and gas sector (200,000 jobs) and automaking (175,000), but ahead of coal mining (79,000), logging (54,000) or steel production (91,000).
2013
USAID Biodiversity Conservation and Forestry Programs annual report 2013
Conserving Bobolinks in Rhode Island, USA (2013)
(2013) USAID Biodiversity Conservation and Forestry Programs: annual report
(2013) Foreign Aid: International Donor Coordination of Development Assistance
(2013) Multilateral Development Banks: Overview and Issues for Congress
2012
Rio marker (bio) 2002-2012
Outdoor Industry Association: The Outdoor Recreation Economy. Economic benefits: 6.1 million American jobs; $646 billion in outdoor recreation spending each year; $39.9 billion in federal tax revenue; $39.7 billion in state/local tax revenue. The outdoor recreation economy grew approximately 5 percent annually between 2005 and 2011 – this during an economic recession when many sectors contracted.
Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Yellowstone National Park - Research Specimen Collection Permit; Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: The Sky Trust - carbon emission permits, Environmental Synergies, Inc., Forest Forever Fund - conservation easements and carbon credits, Montana Offset Coalition, Carbon offset projects; Case studies for landscape beauty markets: Recreational Fee Demonstration Program – access rights and concessions; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Ecolotree-soil contaminant removal, Boulder Creek Riparian Enhancement Project, Long Island Sound sediment compensation fund, Lower Boise River Effluent Trading System - Reduction Credit Certificates, Portland Water District water quality scheme - land acquisition and planting contracts, Rahr Malting Company - pollution reduction credits worth 1 lb CBOD/day equivalent, Cannon River Watershed Partnership - land management contracts, Leases for forested aquatic environments, NYC Watershed Programme - land acquisition, conservation easements, forest and land management contracts, Tar-Pamlico Basin -nutrient pollution credits, Salem Public Works Department - land management contract, Model watersheds programme - land management contracts, Little Butte Creek - salmon habitat restoration contract, The Deschutes Basin Land Trust - land and water rights acquisition, Salmon Safe certified agricultural produce, Salmon habitat credits, Chester Water Authority – Land management contracts, Salt Lake City Corporation - land acquisition & conservation easements, Seattle Public Utilities water quality improvement scheme - land acquisition, Rock River Basin - Phosphorus credits; Case studies for bundled environmental services: Conservation easements, Tree rights deposits and The Forest Bank, Tradable development rights, Tradable pinelands development credits, Payments for environmental services – Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve Program
The Florida Ranchlands Environmental Services Project: Field Testing a Pay-for-Environmental Services Program
Climate assistance
The United States’ private climate finance support: mobilising private sector engagement in climate compatible development
Organic agriculture and the law – USA (2012)
2011
United States review
International Environmental Finance Tools, Agency for International Development, 2011
U.N. System Development Assistance: Issues for Congress, 2011
Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy, 2011
Wetland and stream mitigation, conservation banking (species), Status 2011
2010
Commission Guidance Regarding Disclosure Related to Climate Change, Final Rule, SEC, 75 Fed. Reg. 6290 (2010)
Ecosystems services of trees can save costs for cities: the example of Miami (2010)
Conestoga Reverse Auction Project, Pennsylvania, USA (2010)
2008
Tools for Delivering Financial Outreach
Forest Management and Stump-to-Forest Gate Chain-of-Custody Certification Evaluation Report for the Collins Lakeview Forest (2008)
Forest Management and Stump-to-Forest Gate Chain-of-Custody Certification Evaluation Report for the Collins Almanor Forest (2008)
2007
Environmental Services Markets: Farm Bill Proposals (2007)
Sustainable Watershed Finance, Environmental Financial Advisory Board (2007)
Mitigation of Impacts to Fish and Wildlife Habitat: Estimating Costs and Identifying Opportunities (2007)
2005
USDA agri-environmental programme, Environmental Quality Incentives Program, Stewardship Incentives Program, New York City watershed management
A New Currency for Conservation: Markets and Payments for Ecosystem Services from Our Nation’s Forests and Farms (2005)
Cost-Effective Agri-Environmental Payment Programs: U.S. Experience in Theory and Practice (2005)
The cost of U.S. forest-based carbon sequestration (2005) (2005) Environmental assistance

Forest Management and Stump-to-Forest Gate Chain-of-Custody Certification Evaluation Report for the Collins Pennsylvania Forest (2005)
Comprehensive liability for natural resource damage, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal
2004
Water Quality Trading and Offset Initiatives in the U.S.: A Comprehensive Survey (2004)
2003
Integrating Biophysical and Economic Information to Guide Land Conservation Investments (2003)
Market-Based Environmental Policies: What Can We Learn from U.S. Experience (and Related Research)? (2003)
Analysis on the Sustainable Financing of a Network of Marine Protected Areas in Southeast Asia (2003)
Funding Opportunities for Pollinator Protection in North America (2003)
2002
How New York City Used an Ecosystem Services Strategy Carried out Through an Urban-Rural Partnership to Preserve the Pristine Quality of Its Drinking Water and Save Billions of Dollars and What Lessons It Teaches about Using Ecosystem Services (2002)
Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services: The U.S. Experience with Land Retirement for Natural Resource Conservation, Evaluating Bids in the U.S. Conservation Reserve Program (2002)
Developing the Financial Strategy for an Indo-Pacific MPA Network (2002)
Analysis of the Status of Current Certification Schemes in Promoting Conservation (2002)
Payments for Environmental Services in the Catskills: A Socio-Economic Analysis of the Agricultural Strategy in New York City’s Watershed Management Plan, R. S. Isakson, Report to Payment for Environmental Services in the Americas Project, FORD Foundation and Fundación PRISMA, San Salvador. By conserving upstream forests in the Catskills mountain range, New York City looks to avoid investing an extra $4 billion to $6 billion on infrastructure to maintain the quality of urban water supplies.
2001
Innovating Environmental Finance, March 20, 2001
UNDP and UNEP: Making the Economic Case: A Primer on the Economic Arguments for Mainstreaming Poverty-Environment Linkages into National Development Planning. Reid, W. V. 2001. “Capturing the Value of Ecosystem Services to Protect Biodiversity.” In G. Chichilenisky, G. C. Daily, P. Ehrlich, G. Heal, and J. S. Miller, eds, Managing Human-Dominated Ecosystems. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. In Portland, Oregon, Portland, Maine, and Seattle, Washington, it was found that every $1.00 invested in watershed protection could save anywhere from $7.50 to nearly $200.00 in costs for new water treatment and filtration facilities.
1997
Wetland and Riparian Stewardship in Pennsylvania: A Guide to Voluntary Options for Landowners, Local Governments and Organizations (1997)
1993
Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Wildlife Habitat: 17 Case Studies (1993)
Colorado River Water Bank: Making Water Conservation Profitable
US Conservation Reserve Program
Targeting global conservation funding to limit immediate biodiversity declines
The Economic Impacts of Critical Habitat Designation
Kimball Island Mitigation Bank, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California
Middle South Platte River Wetland Mitigation Bank, Erie, Colorado
Big Cypress Mitigation Banking, Hendry County, Florida
Panther Island Mitigation Bank, Collier County, Florida
Florida Wetlandsbank Pembroke Pines, Southwest Broward County, Florida
Mitigation Banking: A White Paper Submitted to the Governor’s Advisory Council for Georgia’s Land Conservation Partnership
Ferson Creek Wetland Mitigation Bank, Kane County, Illinois
Lake Station Wetland Mitigation Bank, Northwest Indiana
Rancho Jamul Mitigation Bank, San Diego County, California
Everglades Mitigation Bank, Miami-Dade County
Process for Developing Mitigation Banks in Michigan
Prospectus: Mitigation Banking Instrument for Virginia Department of Transportation’s Great Oaks Wetland and Stream Mitigation Bank (2002)
Navigating Wetland Mitigation Markets: A Study of Risks Facing Entrepreneurs and Regulators (2013)
Bear Creek - Mill Branch Mitigation Bank, Lenoir County, North Carolina
Marsh Resources Pott Creek Wetland Mitigation Bank, Lincoln County, NC
North River – Ward Creek Mitigation Bank, Carteret County, NC
Marsh Resources Inc. Meadowlands Mitigation Bank, Bergen County, NJ
Suggestions for Proposing Mitigation Banks
Watershed-Based Permitting Case Study: General Permit for Nitrogen Discharges
Watershed-Based Permitting Case Study: Final Permit, Rahr Malting Company
Wildlands Mitigation Bank at Sheridan, Placer County, California
Mitigation Banking as an Endangered Species Conservation Tool (1999)
The Kennecott Inland Sea Shorebird Reserve (2010)
Julie J. Metz Wetlands Bank, Woodbridge, Virginia (Prince William County)
Guidelines for Developing Freshwater Wetlands Mitigation Plans and Proposals (1994)
Endangered Species Conservation Banking
Markets for the Environment (2005)

International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) Program
ICBG Africa
Genetic Resources Recognition Fund; UC Davis Genetic Resources Recognition Fund
Yellowstone National Park; Yellowstone National Park and the Diversa Corporation; Benefit-Sharing as a Goal of the International Regime: Lessons Learned from Genetic Resources Research at Yellowstone National Park
National Cancer Institute: Letter of Collection Agreement
The National Park Experience
(2001) Economic Benefits to Local Communities from National Park Visitation, 2011
(2012) $14.5 billion worth of civil works on a massive network of levees and flood walls, not including upkeep and future replacement
Made in America: Investing in National Parks for Our Heritage and Our Economy
Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Strategic Environmental Assessment: Lessons from Influential Cases - Compensation payments after Exxon Valdes oil spill (Alaska, U.S.A., 1991)
(2005)protecting visibility in natural areas (Clean Air Act), visibility and ecosystem damage in natural areas, nature as a pathway to health, economic benefits and costs related to nature
The Economic Value of Ecosystem Services in Four Counties in Northeastern Florida
The Natural Capital Project, Kamehameha Schools, and InVEST: Integrating Ecosystem Services into Land-Use Planning in Hawai`i
Economic Impacts of Live Wild Animal Imports in the United States
Restoring Ecosystem Services to Prevent Flood Damage In Napa River Basin
Assigning Priority to Environmental Policy Interventions in a Heterogeneous World
Economic valuation of the coral reefs of Hawai‘i
Marine Protected Areas: Economic and Social Implications
Use of Non-Market Valuation Studies in Water Resource Management Assessments
The value of wolves for local communities in the Greater Yellowstone Area
The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital
Biodiversity and Disease Risk: The Case of Lyme Disease
The Social Value of Using Biodiversity in New Pharmaceutical Product Research
Markets and Biodiversity
(1998) Environmental Accounting in Theory and Practice, by Kluwer Academic
(2000) Lessons Learned from Environmental Accounting, by IUCN - The World Conservation Union
(1997) National Accounts and the Environment - Papers and Proceedings from the Fourth Meeting of the London Group, by Statistics Canada
(1993) Readings in International Environment Statistics, by UNECE
(2000) The Weight of Nations, by World Resources Institute
(1994) Integrated Economic and Environmental Satellite Accounts, by Bureau of Economic Analysis
(1994) The United Nations Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting System: an Environmental Economic Perspective, by Environmental Protection Agency
(2000) Accounting for Renewable and Environmental resources, by Bureau of Economic Analysis
(2000) Assessing BEA’s Prototype Integrated Economic and Environmental Satellite Accounts, by Bureau of Economic Analysis
(2001) The Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery in the USA and Canada: A Natural Experiment in Fisheries Management Regimes, by Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
(2006) Blueprint for Expanded and Integrated U.S. Accounts: Review, Assessment, and Next Steps, by National Bureau for Economic Research
(1999) Trends in State Governments’ Expenditures on Parks and Recreation: 1989/90 through 1999/2000
(2014) Budget Justifications and Performance Information Fiscal Year 2014 - National Park Service budget authority in billions US dollars: 3.01 (2012), 3.43 (2013), 3.12 (2014 request)
(2005) Total environmental expenditure
Road Tolls, Hotel Room Taxes, Taxes on Hunting, Fishing and Other Recreational Equipment
Renewable portfolio standards in the US: Bringing market forces to transitional subsidies
Subsidies in World Fisheries: A Reexamination (1998) - United States
Reforming Energy and Transport Subsidies: Environmental and Economic Implications - The Climate Change Implications of eliminating U.S. energy Subsidies
Reforming Energy and Transport Subsidies: Environmental and Economic Implications - Transport Subsidies: U.S. Case Study
US Experiences with Incentive Measures to Promote the Conservation of Wetlands
Using Economic and Regulatory Incentives to Restore Endangered Species: Lessons Learned from Three New programs
A Guide to Federal Tax Incentives for Brownfields Redevelopment
International Experiences with Economic Incentives for Protecting the Environment (2005)
Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), Pest Inspection, Quarantine and Eradication Fund; *Clean Water State Revolving Fund (SRF) Management Handbook; *The SRF Investment Function: Current Status and Prospects for Enhancing SRF Sustainability; *State Revolving Fund: A Decade of Successful SRF Performance 1987-1997; * Protecting Wetlands with the Clean Water State Revolving Fund; *Knutson-Vandenberg Fund, Reforestation Trust Fund, Rural Fire Disaster Fund, Land and Water Conservation Fund, America the Beautiful Act, Woodland Incentive Program fund (Maryland), Chesapeake Bay Trust (Maryland), Forest Resource Trust (Oregon); *Alaska Permanent Fund
Tools for Building Public-Private Partnerships
2013
Environmental Grantmakers Association's Tracking the Field: Volume 4 - Analyzing Trends in Environmental Grantmaking
Top 50 Foundations Awarding Grants for Environment and Animals, 2011: The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Walton Family Foundation, Inc., Sea Change Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Rockefeller Foundation, The Marisla Foundation, Richard King Mellon Foundation, Margaret A. Cargill Foundation, Silicon Valley Community Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Robertson Foundation, The Kendeda Fund, Ford Foundation, The Kresge Foundation, The Oak Foundation U.S.A., Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies, The William Penn Foundation, The Heinz Endowments, The McKnight Foundation, Robert W. Woodruff Foundation, Inc., Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Inc., Longwood Foundation, Inc., The Duffield Family Foundation, Stephen Bechtel Fund, The San Francisco Foundation, The Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment, Inc., Houston Endowment Inc., Arcus Foundation, Blue Moon Fund, Inc., Barr Foundation, Turner Foundation, Inc., Alcoa Foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, DJ & T Foundation, Colcom Foundation, Leon Levy Foundation, The New York Community Trust, Donald W. Reynolds Foundation, Caterpillar Foundation, Bohemian Foundation, Lilly Endowment Inc., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Surdna Foundation, Inc., Pisces Foundation, Lyndhurst Foundation
2012
regional-credit-forthood.pdf Regional Credit Market for Species Conservation: Developing the Fort Hood Recovery Credit System, by David W. Wolfe, Wildlife Society Bulletin 36(3):423–431; 2012. The resulting Recovery Credit System (RCS) enabled Fort Hood to purchase both permanent and temporary credits that represent habitat conservation actions from private landowners for use to mitigate impacts on the installation.
Lead trading
2011
Designing a Payment for Environmental Services Program for the Northern Everglades, by Sarah Lynch and Leonard Shabman. The Florida Ranchlands Environmental Services Project designed and field tested elements of a program that would pay ranchers to improve water quality, phase, and timing by using existing water management infrastructure on ranchlands. The report discusses the collaborative process used during the six-year pilot phase and how it built the foundation for the Northern Everglades Payment for Environment Services Program launched in 2011.
2010
Skills for green jobs in the United States (2010)
2008
Tools for raising revenues (taxes, fees and special charges), acquiring capital (bonds, loans, grants), enhancing credit and lowering costs, accessing state and local financing, financing and encouraging pollution prevention and recycling, financing community-based environmental protection, financing brownfields redevelopment, financing small businesses and the environmental goods and services industry
2005
Trade and environment integration and related issues, trade in endangered species
Export credits
Cooperative conservation, privately owned land, environmental NGOs, partnership involving business and industry
Pesticide tax, water pricing and trading, sectoral subsidies, environmentally related taxes
2003
Guidance for the Establishment, Use, and Operation of Conservation Banks (2003)
2002
Conservation Concessions - Concept Description (2002)
Watershed-Based Permitting Case Study: Permitting Approach
1997
Rahr Malting Company “trading” permit (1997)
A derivative approach to endangered species conservation
Environmental mortgage
Enterprise for the Americas Initiative (EAI), Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFCA)
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States, provided employment for 2.5 million young men in implementing a general natural resource conservation program in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments
Alabama Trust Fund, Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation, Louisiana Education Quality Trust Fund, New Mexico State Investment Council, North Dakota Legacy Fund, Texas Permanent School Fund, Texas Permanent University Fund, Permanent Wyoming Mineral Trust Fund, CalPERS, CalSTRS
Foreign Assistance: Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Private Sector Participation in the Provision of Environmental Services: Barriers and Incentives
Private Sector Initiatives to Improve Efficiency in Providing Public Purpose Environmental Services
Private land bank finds saving nature is profitable
Best Practices in Sustainable Finance - Self-Help Credit Union, ShoreBank, Wainwright Bank, Calvert, Bank of America, Citibank, Alternatives Credit Union, Permaculture Credit Union
The Use of Conservation Easements to Secure the Role of Private Forests in an Emerging Carbon Market
Private lands and public ecosystem benefits
Making Conservation Profitable
Strategies for Conserving Private Working Forests
Council on Foundations, The Foundation Center
Environmental Grantmakers Association
Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy
Consultative Group on Biological Diversity
Diaspora Philanthropy: Influences, Initiatives, and Issues

Valuation

Gosselink, J.G., E.P. Odum and R.M. Pope 1974 The value of the tidal marsh. Center for Wetland Resources, Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge, Lousiana, USA. Georgia coast, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Food Fish 1968 Benefit Transfer Annual 56.83423777 USD/ha/yr 159041 Georgia coast, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Recreation Recreation 1968 Benefit Transfer Annual 140.8500675 USD/ha/yr 159041 Louisiana, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Food Fish 1970 Benefit Transfer Annual 118.6105832 USD/ha/yr 890308 Florida, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Food Fish 1970 Benefit Transfer Annual 185.3290362 USD/ha/yr 424920 USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Waste Water purification 1974 Replacement Cost Annual 185329.0362 USD/ha/yr income-capitaliza value 47215 Delaware, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Waste Water purification 1966 Benefit Transfer Annual 652.3582075 USD/ha/yr Gupta, T.R. and J.H. Foster 1975 Economic criteria for freshwater wetland policy in Massachussetts. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 57(1): 40-45. Massachusetts, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Recreation Hunting / fishing 1972 Contingent Valuation Annual 172.9737671 USD/ha/yr 3237.5 Inland Wetlands Swamps / marshes Water Water 1972 Direct market pricing Annual 128494.7984 USD/ha/yr water is available from a nonwetland source and that additional water will be needed in the future. Inland Wetlands Swamps / marshes Extreme events Flood prevention 1972 Avoided Cost Annual 3676.928078 USD/ha/yr based on the urban nature of the flood plain and the selection of wetland preservation over dam construction as the better of the two flood control alternatives. 3408.3 Inland Wetlands Swamps / marshes Cultural service Cultural values 1972 Contingent Valuation Annual 667.1845304 USD/ha/yr visual-cultural benefits are similar to the open space benefits and are associated, in the minds of the voters, with the typical land purchase decision. 634 Lynne, G.D., P. Conroy, and F.J. Pochasta 1981 Economic valuation of marsh areas to marine production processes. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 8(2): 175-186. Florida, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Nursery Nursery service 1975 Direct market pricing Annual 1.493535728 USD/ha/yr The difference between sales and expenditures, before payments are subtracted for labor and management, were $307,270 for the entire Florida blue crab fishery in 1975 205733 Thibodeau, F.R. and B.D. Ostro 1981 An economic analysis of wetland protection. Journal of Environmental Management 12: 19-30. Charles River Basin, Massachusetts, USA Inland Wetlands Swamps / marshes Water Water 1981 Avoided Cost Annual 248909.2509 USD/ha/yr 3454 Extreme events Flood prevention 1981 Avoided Cost Annual 82459.06584 USD/ha/yr 3454 Waste Waste treatment 1981 Replacement Cost Annual 41909.07272 USD/ha/yr 3454 Recreation Recreation 1981 Benefit Transfer Annual (Range) 50200 USD/ha/yr 3454 Aesthetic Attractive landscapes 1981 Hedonic Pricing Annual (Range) 781 USD/ha/yr 3454 TEV TEV 1981 Total Economic Value Annual (Range) 425000 USD/ha/yr 3454 Brookshire, D., M.A. Thayer, W.D. Schulze and R.C. D'Arge 1982 Valuing public goods: a comparison of survey and hedonic approach. American Economic Review 72(1): 165 -177. Los Angeles, California, USA Grasslands Grasslands Aesthetic Attractive landscapes 1982 Hedonic Pricing Annual (Range) 16.865 USD/month Farnworth, E.G., T.H. Tidrick, W.M. Smathers and C.F. Jordan 1983 A synthesis of ecological and economic theory toward more complete valuation of tropical moist forest. International Journal of Environmental Studies 21: 11-28. USA Tropical Forest Tropical forest general Medical Biochemicals 1979 Direct market pricing Annual 1468000000 USD/yr Walsh, R.G., J.B. Loomis and R.A. Gillman 1984 Valuing option, existence, and bequest demand for wilderness. Land Economics 60(1): 14-29. Colorado, USA Forests and Boreal Temperate forest general Genepool Biodiversity protection 1980 Contingent Valuation Annual (Range) 37.83801156 USD/ha/yr 485623 Gibbons, D.C. 1986 The economic value of water. Resources for the Future, Washington D.C., USA. Colorado, USA Fresh water Open water Energy Hydro-electricity 1980 Replacement Cost Annual (Range) 98.84215265 USD/ha/yr Tennessee, USA Fresh water Open water Energy Hydro-electricity 1980 Replacement Cost Annual (Range) 32.12369961 USD/ha/yr Columbia River, Washington, USA Fresh water Open water Energy Hydro-electricity 1980 Replacement Cost Annual (Range) 75.36714139 USD/ha/yr Washington State, USA Fresh water Open water Water Irrigation water 1980 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 1198.461101 USD/ha/yr the Irrigation water value for wheat, sugar beets and potatos California, USA Fresh water Open water Water Irrigation water 1980 Factor Income / Production Function Annual (Range) 1210.81637 USD/ha/yr the Irrigation water value for cotton and tomatoes Arizona, USA Fresh water Open water Water Irrigation water 1980 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 291.5843503 USD/ha/yr the Irrigation water value for grain sorghum, wheat, alfalfa and cotton New Mexico, USA Fresh water Open water Water Irrigation water 1980 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 341.0054266 USD/ha/yr the Irrigation water value for alfalfa, cotton and corn Texas, USA Fresh water Open water Water Irrigation water 1980 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 506.5660323 USD/ha/yr the Irrigation water value for grain sorghum, wheat and corn USA Fresh water Open water Water Industrial water 1980 Benefit Transfer Annual (Range) 19.76843053 USD/ha/yr USA Fresh water Open water Waste Waste treatment 1980 Benefit Transfer Annual (Range) 9.217030734 USD/ha/yr Farber, S. and R. Costanza 1987 The economic value of wetlands systems. Journal of Environmental Management 24: 41-51. Terrebonne, Louisiana, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Extreme events Storm protection 1983 Avoided Cost Annual 1.087225105 USD/ha/yr 64752 Extreme events Storm protection 1983 Avoided Cost Annual 18.48282679 USD/ha/yr assume population growth of 1- 72% 64752 Food Fish 1983 Direct market pricing Annual (Range) 102.5450951 USD/ha/yr 263055 Recreation Recreation 1985 Travel Cost Annual 14.82579689 USD/ha/yr 263055 Farber, S. 1987 The value of coastal wetlands for protection of property against hurricane wind damage. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 14(2): 143-151. Louisiana gulf coast, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Extreme events Storm protection 1980 Avoided Cost Annual 0.983417642 US$/ha/yr 64750 Costanza, R., S. C. Farber, and J. Maxwell 1989 Valuation and management of wetlands ecosystems. Ecological Economics 1(4): 335-361. Louisiana, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Food Fish 1983 Direct market pricing Annual 62.66370151 USD/ha/yr Discounting at 8% gives a present value per acre of $317. Discounting at 3% gives a present value per acre of $845. 5665800 Raw materials Other Raw 1983 Direct market pricing Annual 29.75043242 USD/ha/yr At a 8% discount, this generates a present value of $151 per acre; at 3%, a present value of $401 per acre. 5665800 Extreme events Flood prevention 1983 Avoided Cost Annual 317.0249568 USD/ha/yr the present discounted value (at 8%) of increased expected property damages lies between $2.1 and $3.1 million. 18146 Recreation Recreation 1983 Travel Cost Annual 10.82782919 USD/ha/yr this amounts to $46 per acre of estuarine area using a 8% discount rate, and $181 per acre using a 3% discount rate. 360183 TEV TEV 1983 Total Economic Value Annual (Range) 23976.83398 USD/ha/yr total present value of an average acre of natural wetlands in Louisiana are US $2429-6400 per acre (assuming an 8% discount rate) to $8977-17000 per acre (assuming a 3% discount rate). 12950 Bell, F.W. 1989 Application of wetland valuation theory to Florida fisheries. Sea Grant Publication. SGR-95. Florida Sea Grant Program No. 95. Florida State University, USA. Florida, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Food Fish 1994 Direct market pricing Annual 1426.22093 USD/ha/yr Recreation Hunting / fishing 1994 Direct market pricing Annual 1506.961501 USD/ha/yr Amacher, G.S., R.J. Brazee, J.W. Bulkley and R.A. Moll 1989 Application of Wetland Valuation Techniques: Examples from Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands. University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands, USA Inland Wetlands Swamps / marshes Aesthetic Attractive landscapes 2007 Hedonic Pricing Annual 83.22 USD/ha/yr Bergstrom, J.C., J.R. Stoll, J.P. Titre and V.L. Wright 1990 Economic value of wetlands-based recreation. Ecological Economics 2: 129-147. Louisiana gulf coast, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Recreation Hunting / fishing 1987 Contingent Valuation Annual 110.03 USD/ha/yr assumes that recreationists do not have previous rights to the current amount of wetlands in the study area. 1320000 Lant, C.L. and R.S. Roberts 1990 Greenbelts in the cornbelt: riparian wetlands, instrinsic values and market failure. Environment and Planning A 22(10): 1375-1388. USA Inland Wetlands Floodplains Waste Waste treatment 1994 Contingent Valuation Annual 324.0913495 USD/ha/yr Recreation Recreation 1994 Contingent Valuation Annual 324.0913495 USD/ha/yr Bell, F.W. and V.R. Leeworthy 1990 Recreational demand by tourists for saltwater beach days. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18(3): 189-205. Florida’s beaches, USA Coastal Shores Recreation Tourism 1990 Travel Cost Annual 21663728.81 US$/ha/yr 1096 Barrow, C.J. 1991 Land degradation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Central grasslands, USA Grasslands Grasslands Erosion Erosion prevention 2007 Direct market pricing Annual 37.82 USD/ha/yr Kramer, R.A., R. Healy and R. Mendelsohn 1992 Forest valuation. In: Sharma, N.P. (ed), "Managing the world's forests: looking for balance between conservation and development". Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Iowa, USA. USA Tropical Forest Tropical forest general Raw materials Timber 1989 Benefit Transfer Annual 26 USD/ha/yr 35000000 Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, USA Tropical Forest Tropical forest general Recreation Recreation 1984 Benefit Transfer Annual 9412 USD/yr Coreil, P.D. 1993 Wetlands functions and values in Louisiana. Louisiana Sea Grant publication, USA Louisiana, USA Coastal wetlands Salt water wetlands Nursery Nursery service 2007 Direct market pricing Annual 102.33 USD/ha/yr Gren, I.M. and T. Soderqvist 1994 Economic valuation of wetlands: a survey. Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics. Beijer Discussion Paper series No. 54, Stockholm, Sweden. USA Coastal wetlands Salt water wetlands Recreation Recreation 1993 Benefit Transfer Annual (Range) 4034 USD/ha/yr Provisioning service Provisioning values 1993 Benefit Transfer Total Economic Value 66.6 USD/ha/yr TEV TEV 1993 Benefit Transfer Total Economic Value 6471.5 USD/ha/yr Richer, J. 1995 Willingness to pay for desert protection. Contemporary Economic Policy 13: 93-104. California, USA Desert Desert TEV TEV 1993 Contingent Valuation Annual (Range) 258 USD/ha/yr Hoagland, P., Y. Kaoru and J.M. Broadus 1995 A methodological review of net benefit evaluation for marine reserves. Environmental Economics Series No. 027. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA. Florida, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Recreation Tourism 1994 Direct market pricing Annual 1287 USD/ha/yr Pimentel, D., C. Harvey, P. Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D. Kurz, M. McNair, S. Crist, P. Sphpritz, L. Fitton, R. Saffouri and R. Blair 1995 Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267: 1117-1123. USA Cultivated Croplands Erosion Erosion prevention 1992 Replacement Cost Annual 106.25 USD/ha/yr 160000000 Soil fertility Maintenance of soil structure 1992 Replacement Cost Annual 168.75 USD/ha/yr 160000000 Erosion Erosion prevention 1992 Mitigation and Restoration Cost Annual 40 USD/ha/yr 160000000 US Department of Commerce 1995 Census of Agriculture. Bureau of Census, Washington D.C.. Central grasslands, USA Grasslands Grasslands Food Food 1994 Direct market pricing Annual 57.04 USD/ha/yr Farber, S. 1996 Welfare loss of wetlands disintegration: a Louisiana study. Contemporary Economic Policy 14: 92-106 Louisiana, USA Coastal wetlands Salt water wetlands Recreation Recreation 2007 Contingent Valuation Annual 39.36 USD/ha/yr Sala, O.E. and J.M. Paruelo 1997 Ecosystem services in grasslands. In: Daily, G. (ed), "Ecosystem services: their nature and value" Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA. Eastern Colorado, USA Grasslands Grasslands Climate C-sequestration 1995 Benefit Transfer Annual 1.2 USD/ha/yr Eastern Colorado, USA Grasslands Grasslands Climate Gas regulation 1997 Avoided Cost Annual 0.05 USD/ha/yr Eastern Colorado, USA Grasslands Grasslands Climate Gas regulation 1997 Avoided Cost Annual 0.6 USD/ha/yr USA Grasslands Grasslands Erosion Erosion prevention 1992 Benefit Transfer Annual 100 USD/ha/yr 440000000 Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. O'Neill, J. Paruel, R.G. Raskin, P. Sutton and M. van den Belt 1997 The value of the world's ecosystem service and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-260. USA Inland Wetlands Swamps / marshes Extreme events Flood prevention 1994 Avoided Cost Annual 3341.319018 USD/ha/yr Bell, F.W. 1997 The economic valuation of saltwater marsh supporting marine recreational fishing in the southeastern United States. Ecological Economics 21(3): 243-254. East Coasts of Florida, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Recreation Hunting / fishing 1984 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 15989.62194 US$/ha/yr Average willingness to pay per day for all recreational fishing. It is assumed that this estimate will not vary greatly between estuarine as opposed to non-estuarine dependent species. 38803 West Coasts of Florida, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Recreation Hunting / fishing 1984 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 2424 US$/ha/yr Average willingness to pay per day for all recreational fishing. It is assumed that this estimate will not vary greatly between estuarine as opposed to non-estuarine dependent species. 174533 Postel, S. and S. Carpenter 1997 Freshwater ecosystem services. In: G. Daily (ed), "Ecosystem services: their nature and value." Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA. USA Fresh water Open water Recreation Recreation 1994 Direct market pricing Annual (Range) 230 USD/ha/yr Leschine, T.M., K.F. Wellman and T,H. Green (1997) 1997 The economic value of wetlands: Wetlands' role in flood protection in Western Washington. Washington State Department of Ecology. Ecology Publication no. 97-100. Washington State, USA Inland Wetlands Swamps / marshes Water flows Drainage 2007 Replacement Cost Annual 8483.59 USD/ha/yr Loomis, J. and E. Ekstrand 1998 Alternative approaches for incorporating respondent uncertainty when estimating willingness-to-pay: The case of the Mexican spotted owl. Ecological Economics 27(1): 29-41. USA Forests and Boreal Temperate forest general Genepool Biodiversity protection 2000 Contingent Valuation Annual 4400 USD/ha/yr 1861554 Loomis, J., P. Kent, L. Strange, K. Fausch and A. Covich 2000 Measuring the total economic value of restoring ecosystem services in an impaired river basin: results from a contingent valuation survey. Ecological Economics 33(1): 103-117. South Platte River, Denver, CO, USA Fresh water Rivers Various Various 2000 Contingent Valuation Annual (Range) 1.923817777 USD/ha/yr The avearge WTP for the restoration of South Platte river for the increased ecosystem services of dilution of wastewater, natural purification of water, erosion control, habitat for fish and wildlife, and recreation along 45 miles of the river. 23309900 Rausser, G.C. and A.A. Small 2000 Valuing research leads: bioprospecting and the conservation of genetic resources. UC Berkeley: Berkeley Program in Law and Economics. Journal of Political Economy 108(1): 173-206. California Floristic Province, USA Woodlands Meditarranean woodlands Medical Bioprospecting 2000 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 0 US$/ha/yr 24600000 Kreuter, U.P., H.G. Harris, M.D. Matlock and R.E. Lacey 2001 Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio area, Texas. Ecological Economics 39: 333-346. San Antonio, TX, USA Grasslands Grasslands TEV TEV 1997 Benefit Transfer Annual 232 USD/ha/yr 27896 Forests and Boreal Temperate forest general TEV TEV 1997 Benefit Transfer Annual 302 USD/ha/yr 44654 Cultivated Croplands TEV TEV 1997 Benefit Transfer Annual 92 USD/ha/yr 13047 Cesar, H., P. van Beukering, S. Pintz and J. Dierking 2002 Economic valuation of the coral reefs of Hawaii. Report for NOAA. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting. Arnhem, the Netherlands. Kona Coast, Hawaii, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs TEV TEV 2000 Total Economic Value Annual 7274.753242 USD/ha/yr 2430 Kihei Coast Maui, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs TEV TEV 2000 Total Economic Value Annual 35113.53382 USD/ha/yr 800 Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs TEV TEV 2000 Total Economic Value Annual 916310.028 USD/ha/yr 41 Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Recreation Tourism 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 883628.2223 USD/ha/yr The total recreational value was divided by the area of Hanauma Bay, OahuThe total recreational value was divided by the area of Hanauma Bay, Oahu 41 Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Genepool Biodiversity protection 2000 Contingent Valuation Annual 27072.24198 USD/ha/yr The total Biodiversity value was divided by the area of Hanauma Bay, Oahu 41 Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Ornamental Pets and captive animanls 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 243.8940719 USD/ha/yr The total Fishery value was divided by the area of Hanauma Bay, Oahu 41 Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Cognitive Education 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 5365.669581 USD/ha/yr 41 Kihei Coast Maui, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Recreation Tourism 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 10025.29517 USD/ha/yr 800 Kihei Coast Maui, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Aesthetic Attractive landscapes 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 22825.67204 USD/ha/yr 800 Kihei Coast Maui, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Genepool Biodiversity protection 2000 Contingent Valuation Annual 2137.562935 USD/ha/yr 800 Kihei Coast Maui, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Ornamental Pets and captive animanls 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 125.0036804 USD/ha/yr 800 Kona Coast, Hawaii, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Recreation Tourism 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 3316.431625 USD/ha/yr 2430 Kona Coast, Hawaii, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Aesthetic Attractive landscapes 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 1839.261708 USD/ha/yr 2430 Kona Coast, Hawaii, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Genepool Biodiversity protection 2000 Contingent Valuation Annual 1789.885554 USD/ha/yr 2430 Kona Coast, Hawaii, Hawaii, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Ornamental Pets and captive animanls 2000 Direct market pricing Annual 288.0275605 USD/ha/yr 2430 Kaiser, B. and J. Roumasset 2002 Valuing indirect ecosystem services: the case of tropical watersheds. Environment and Development Economics 7: 701-714. Ko’olau Watershed, Hawaii, USA Tropical Forest Tropical forest general Waste Water purification 2000 Replacement Cost Annual 1022 USD/ha/yr Johnston, R.J., G. Magnusson, M.J. Mazzotta and J.J. Opaluch 2002 The economics of wetland ecosystem restoration and mitigation: combining economic and ecological indicators to Prioritize Salt Marsh Restoration Actions. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84: 1362-1370. Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA Coastal wetlands Tidal Marsh Nursery Nursery service 2007 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 2243.47 USD/ha/yr Cesar, H. and P. van Beukering 2004 Economic valuation of the coral reefs of Hawaii. Pacific Science 58(2), 231-242 Hawaii, Coral reefs, USA Coral Reefs Coral reefs Cognitive Science / Research 2007 Direct market pricing Annual 120.87 USD/ha/yr Hughes, Z. 2006 Ecological and economic assessment of potential eelgrass expansion at Sucia Island, WA. Echo Bay, San Juan Islands, USA Coastal Seagrass/algae beds Energy Energy other 2005 Direct market pricing Annual 648 US$/ha/yr 12 Washington State, USA Coastal Seagrass/algae beds Food Fish 2005 Factor Income / Production Function Annual 1712 US$/ha/yr 40630 Echo Bay, San Juan Islands, USA Coastal Seagrass/algae beds Climate C-sequestration 2005 Replacement Cost Annual 452 US$/ha/yr 12 Corzine, J.S. and L.P. Jackson 2007 Valuing New Jersey’s natural capital: an assessment of the economic value of the state’s natural resources. State of New Jersey, Department of Environmental protection, Report (part I). New Jersey, USA. New Jersey, USA Multiple Ecosystems Multiple ecosystems Various Various 2004 Total Economic Value Total Economic Value 8845.48312 USD/ha/yr Include ecosystem goods come from abiotic sorces. Eg. Mineral deposits 2261041 Phillips, S., R. Silverman and A. Gore 2008 Greater than zero: toward the total economic value of Alaska's National Forest wildlands. The Wilderness Society, Washington, D.C., USA. Tongass and Chugach National Forests, Alaska, USA Forests and Boreal Temperate forest general Genepool Biodiversity protection 2006 Benefit Transfer Annual 23.07353828 USD/ha/yr 8498913 Recreation Recreation 2006 Direct market pricing Annual 11.17789973 USD/ha/yr 8498913 Cognitive Science / Research 2006 Benefit Transfer Annual 0.008236347 USD/ha/yr 8498913 TEV TEV 2006 Total Economic Value Annual 82.71645797 USD/ha/yr 8498913