Economics, Trade and Incentive Measures

General Information

• An international market-based instrument to finance biodiversity conservation: towards a Green Development Mechanism
• CBD sectorial good practice guides on biodiversity and development
• Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues.
• Economic Instruments in Biodiversity-related Multilateral Environmental Agreements
• Environmental Fiscal Reform: What Should be Done and How to Achieve it?
• Establishing Payments for Watershed Services
• FAO State of Food and Agriculture Report 2006: Payings Farmer for Environmental Services
• FAO State of Food and Agriculture Report 2008: Biofuels - Prospects, Risks and Opportunities
• Fueling the Threat for Sustainable Fisheries in Europe
• Incentive Measures and WTO Rules (ICTSD COP8 Biodiversity and Trade Briefings, March 2006)
• Incentive measures appropriate to enhance conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity
• Incentive measures: an analysis of existing and new instruments that provide positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
• OECD 2006 Financial Support to Fisheries: Implications for Sustainable Development
• OECD 2008 Biofuel Support Policies: An Economic Assessment
• OECD 2008 Review of Fisheries
• OECD 2008: Implementation of the 2004 OECD Council recommendation on the use of economic instruments in promoting the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
• OECD 2009: Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries - Monitoring and Evaluation
• Payments for Ecosystem Service in the Amazon Forest: Equity & Poverty Alleviation Impacts of PES
• Payments for forest environmental services in sub-Saharan Africa - PES
• Perverse and positive incentives: working insights from TEEB
• Promoting positive incentives for nature conservation
• Silver bullet or fools’ gold? A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor.
• Synthesis report of information on incentive measures provided by CBD Parties in the third national reports
• The Cost-Effectiveness of Conservation Payments
• The Distributional Incidence of Residential Water and Electricity Subsidies
• The Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: Opportunities and Challenges
• World Trade Report 2006: Exploring the links between subsidies, trade and the WTO
• Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Peru
  Payments for Ecosystem Services: Opportunities and Challenges in the Implementation of PES for Agrobiodiversity
• Brazil, Germany
  Payments for Environmental Services and Ecological Fiscal Transfers: Examples and perspectives for the future
• Ethiopia
  Incentive measures for the conservation of agrobiodiversity
• Kenya
  Livelihood and market incentives for sustainable land use in natural woodland areas of Kibwezi, Kenya
• South Africa
  Payments for Ecosystem Services: Integration of PES in Policy Design and the Role of Government in Scaling up: the Case of Southern Africa
• South Africa, Lesotho, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania
  Payments for Ecosystem Services: Experiences with the Natural Resources Management (NRM) Programmes in South Africa: Reflecting on PES

Case Studies

• Payments for Nature Values Market and Non-market Instruments
• Taking stock: A comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries.
• Angola, Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
  Economic Aspects of Community Development in Sustainable Forest Management in Eastern and Southern Africa
• Argentina
  Economic Instruments Applied to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forests in Argentina
• Australia
  A revolving fund for biodiversity conservation in Australia
• Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Fiji, Guatemala, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Namibia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  The Green Buck: Using economic tools to deliver conservation goals
• Austria
  Economic incentive measures in the creation of the National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel, Austria
• Austria, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Denmark, Germany, France, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands (Kingdom of the), Sweden
  Economic Instruments for Water Management: Experiences from Europe and Implications for Latin America and the Caribbean
• Azerbaijan
  Sustainable Agricultural Production in Azerbaijan
• Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
  Paying for ecosystem services: Bolivia
• Botswana, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fiji, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia
  The Biodiversity Finance (BIOFIN) Initiative
• Brazil
  A tax incentive for protected areas and water supply areas in Brazil
• Brazil, China, India, Trinidad and Tobago, Ecuador, Malaysia, Republic of Moldova, Costa Rica, Guyana, Nicaragua, United Republic of Tanzania, Nepal, Zambia, Mali, Kenya, Indonesia
  Incentive and Market Based Mechanisms: Selected Case Studies and Best Practises
• Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, El Salvador, United States of America
  Compensation for Environmental Services and Rural Communities - Lessons from the Americas and Key Issues for Strenghtening Community Strategies
• Bulgaria
  National Action Plan for Conservation of Wetlands of High Significance in Bulgaria 2013-2022
• Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ukraine
  Payments for Ecosystem Services: New Opportunities for PES Implementation in South-Eastern Europe in the Context of Future EU Policies
• Cameroon
  Community development programme for sustainable use in Cameroon
• Canada
  Incentive measures in the Canadian National Forest Strategy
• Colombia
  Economic incentives for micro-watershed management in Colombia
• Costa Rica
  Increasing the efficiency of conservation spending: the case of payments for environmental services in Costa Rica
• Cuba
  Cuba's experience with positive incentive measures
• Czechia
  Czech Action Plan of Environmental Education and Public Awareness 2004 - 2006
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
  Mesures d'incitation et de bonnes pratiques pour la gestion durable de la diversite biologique, Democratic Republic of Congo
• Denmark
  Economic incentives for the transformation of private forest areas into forest reserves in Denmark
• Ecuador
  The Tagua Initiative, Ecuador
• Ethiopia, Cameroon, Zambia
  Incentives for sustainable use and conservation of agrobiodiversity - experiences and lessons from Southern Africa
• European Union
  Environmental taxes: recent developments in tools for integration
• European Union, Netherlands (Kingdom of the), Spain, Czechia
  Incentive measures in the European Union
• Finland
  The Act of the financing of sustainable forestry and the development of forest certification in Finland
• Germany
  UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Schorfheide-Chorin and Rhön, Germany
• Greece
  Incentives for the conservation of the nesting grounds of the sea turtle, Caretta caretta, in Laganas Bay, Zakynthos, Greece
• India
  India's experiences with the reform of perverse, and the promotion of positive, incentive measures
• Jamaica
  Alternative tourism in Jamaica
• Jamaica, Maldives, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
  Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Coral Reefs: Decision Support Modeling
• Kenya
  Financial and policy instruments for the conservation of Mount Kenya forest, Kenya
• Mexico
  Defining Environmental Goods and Services: A Case Study of Mexico
• Morocco
  A circular economy approach to agrobiodiversity conservation in the Souss Massa Drâa region of Morocco
• Namibia
  Economic without market: Policy inferences from natural-based tourism studies in Namibia
• Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
  Ecological Effectiveness of Agri-Environment Schemes in Different Agricultural Landscapes in The Netherlands
• New Zealand
  Conservation of the Pae O Te Rangi area in New Zealand
• Philippines
  Philippines' Initiatives on the Implementation of CBD-Article 11 "Incentive Measures"
• Poland
  Implementation of economic incentive measures to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the Biebrza Valley, with special attention to the Biebrza National Park, Poland
• Republic of Moldova
  Moldova's experience with positive incentive measures
• Saint Lucia
  Incentive Measures used in Protected Areas by the St. Lucia National Trust (Praslin Protected Landscape)
• South Africa
  Nature Reserve: Umgano Project South Africa
• Spain
  The use of financial instruments for conservation of the Vilafafila reserve, Spain
• Switzerland
  Direct payments for biodiversity provided by Swiss farmers: an economic interpretation of direct democratic decision
• Thailand
  Incentive measures in Thailand
• Türkiye
  Indigenous propagation project of threatened Turkish bulbs
• Uganda
  Development Through Conservation, Bwindi National Park, Uganda
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  Heathland management in the United Kingdom
• United Republic of Tanzania
  Market arrangements between local communities and the private sector in the north-west Serengeti, United Republic of Tanzania
• United States of America
  Conservation Contracting in Heterogeneous Landscapes: An Application to Watershed Protection with Threshold Constraints
• Uruguay
  Uruguyan Forest Certification Scheme PEFC Uruguay
• Viet Nam
  Payments for Forest Environmental Services in Vietnam
• Zambia
  Creating and Protecting Zambia's Wealth: Experience and next steps in environmental mainstreaming
• Zimbabwe
  Wildlife use rights in Zimbabwe: CAMPFIRE