Economics, Trade and Incentive Measures
Positive Incentive Measures
General Information
- An international market-based instrument to finance biodiversity conservation: towards a Green Development Mechanism
- CBD sectorial good practice guides on biodiversity and development
- Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues.
- Economic Instruments in Biodiversity-related Multilateral Environmental Agreements
- Environmental Fiscal Reform: What Should be Done and How to Achieve it?
- Establishing Payments for Watershed Services
- FAO State of Food and Agriculture Report 2006: Payings Farmer for Environmental Services
- FAO State of Food and Agriculture Report 2008: Biofuels - Prospects, Risks and Opportunities
- Fueling the Threat for Sustainable Fisheries in Europe
- Incentive Measures and WTO Rules (ICTSD COP8 Biodiversity and Trade Briefings, March 2006)
- Incentive measures appropriate to enhance conservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity
- Incentive measures: an analysis of existing and new instruments that provide positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
- OECD 2006 Financial Support to Fisheries: Implications for Sustainable Development
- OECD 2008 Biofuel Support Policies: An Economic Assessment
- OECD 2008 Review of Fisheries
- OECD 2008: Implementation of the 2004 OECD Council recommendation on the use of economic instruments in promoting the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
- OECD 2009: Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries - Monitoring and Evaluation
- Payments for Ecosystem Service in the Amazon Forest: Equity & Poverty Alleviation Impacts of PES
- Payments for forest environmental services in sub-Saharan Africa - PES
- Perverse and positive incentives: working insights from TEEB
- Promoting positive incentives for nature conservation
- Silver bullet or fools’ gold? A global review of markets for forest environmental services and their impact on the poor.
- Synthesis report of information on incentive measures provided by CBD Parties in the third national reports
- The Cost-Effectiveness of Conservation Payments
- The Distributional Incidence of Residential Water and Electricity Subsidies
- The Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: Opportunities and Challenges
- World Trade Report 2006: Exploring the links between subsidies, trade and the WTO
- Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Peru
Payments for Ecosystem Services: Opportunities and Challenges in the Implementation of PES for Agrobiodiversity - Brazil, Germany
Payments for Environmental Services and Ecological Fiscal Transfers: Examples and perspectives for the future - Ethiopia
Incentive measures for the conservation of agrobiodiversity - Kenya
Livelihood and market incentives for sustainable land use in natural woodland areas of Kibwezi, Kenya - South Africa
Payments for Ecosystem Services: Integration of PES in Policy Design and the Role of Government in Scaling up: the Case of Southern Africa - South Africa, Lesotho, Mozambique, United Republic of Tanzania
Payments for Ecosystem Services: Experiences with the Natural Resources Management (NRM) Programmes in South Africa: Reflecting on PES
Case Studies
- Payments for Nature Values Market and Non-market Instruments
- Taking stock: A comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries.
- Angola, Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Economic Aspects of Community Development in Sustainable Forest Management in Eastern and Southern Africa - Argentina
Economic Instruments Applied to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forests in Argentina - Australia
A revolving fund for biodiversity conservation in Australia - Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Fiji, Guatemala, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Namibia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Spain, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The Green Buck: Using economic tools to deliver conservation goals - Austria
Economic incentive measures in the creation of the National Park Neusiedler See-Seewinkel, Austria - Austria, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Denmark, Germany, France, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands (Kingdom of the), Sweden
Economic Instruments for Water Management: Experiences from Europe and Implications for Latin America and the Caribbean - Azerbaijan
Sustainable Agricultural Production in Azerbaijan - Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Paying for ecosystem services: Bolivia - Botswana, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fiji, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia
The Biodiversity Finance (BIOFIN) Initiative - Brazil
A tax incentive for protected areas and water supply areas in Brazil - Brazil, China, India, Trinidad and Tobago, Ecuador, Malaysia, Republic of Moldova, Costa Rica, Guyana, Nicaragua, United Republic of Tanzania, Nepal, Zambia, Mali, Kenya, Indonesia
Incentive and Market Based Mechanisms: Selected Case Studies and Best Practises - Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, El Salvador, United States of America
Compensation for Environmental Services and Rural Communities - Lessons from the Americas and Key Issues for Strenghtening Community Strategies - Bulgaria
National Action Plan for Conservation of Wetlands of High Significance in Bulgaria 2013-2022 - Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ukraine
Payments for Ecosystem Services: New Opportunities for PES Implementation in South-Eastern Europe in the Context of Future EU Policies - Cameroon
Community development programme for sustainable use in Cameroon - Canada
Incentive measures in the Canadian National Forest Strategy - Colombia
Economic incentives for micro-watershed management in Colombia - Costa Rica
Increasing the efficiency of conservation spending: the case of payments for environmental services in Costa Rica - Cuba
Cuba's experience with positive incentive measures - Czechia
Czech Action Plan of Environmental Education and Public Awareness 2004 - 2006 - Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mesures d'incitation et de bonnes pratiques pour la gestion durable de la diversite biologique, Democratic Republic of Congo - Denmark
Economic incentives for the transformation of private forest areas into forest reserves in Denmark - Ecuador
The Tagua Initiative, Ecuador - Ethiopia, Cameroon, Zambia
Incentives for sustainable use and conservation of agrobiodiversity - experiences and lessons from Southern Africa - European Union
Environmental taxes: recent developments in tools for integration - European Union, Netherlands (Kingdom of the), Spain, Czechia
Incentive measures in the European Union - Finland
The Act of the financing of sustainable forestry and the development of forest certification in Finland - Germany
UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Schorfheide-Chorin and Rhön, Germany - Greece
Incentives for the conservation of the nesting grounds of the sea turtle, Caretta caretta, in Laganas Bay, Zakynthos, Greece - India
India's experiences with the reform of perverse, and the promotion of positive, incentive measures - Jamaica
Alternative tourism in Jamaica - Jamaica, Maldives, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
Integrated Coastal Zone Management of Coral Reefs: Decision Support Modeling - Kenya
Financial and policy instruments for the conservation of Mount Kenya forest, Kenya - Mexico
Defining Environmental Goods and Services: A Case Study of Mexico - Morocco
A circular economy approach to agrobiodiversity conservation in the Souss Massa Drâa region of Morocco - Namibia
Economic without market: Policy inferences from natural-based tourism studies in Namibia - Netherlands (Kingdom of the)
Ecological Effectiveness of Agri-Environment Schemes in Different Agricultural Landscapes in The Netherlands - New Zealand
Conservation of the Pae O Te Rangi area in New Zealand - Philippines
Philippines' Initiatives on the Implementation of CBD-Article 11 "Incentive Measures" - Poland
Implementation of economic incentive measures to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the Biebrza Valley, with special attention to the Biebrza National Park, Poland - Republic of Moldova
Moldova's experience with positive incentive measures - Saint Lucia
Incentive Measures used in Protected Areas by the St. Lucia National Trust (Praslin Protected Landscape) - South Africa
Nature Reserve: Umgano Project South Africa - Spain
The use of financial instruments for conservation of the Vilafafila reserve, Spain - Switzerland
Direct payments for biodiversity provided by Swiss farmers: an economic interpretation of direct democratic decision - Thailand
Incentive measures in Thailand - Türkiye
Indigenous propagation project of threatened Turkish bulbs - Uganda
Development Through Conservation, Bwindi National Park, Uganda - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Heathland management in the United Kingdom - United Republic of Tanzania
Market arrangements between local communities and the private sector in the north-west Serengeti, United Republic of Tanzania - United States of America
Conservation Contracting in Heterogeneous Landscapes: An Application to Watershed Protection with Threshold Constraints - Uruguay
Uruguyan Forest Certification Scheme PEFC Uruguay - Viet Nam
Payments for Forest Environmental Services in Vietnam - Zambia
Creating and Protecting Zambia's Wealth: Experience and next steps in environmental mainstreaming - Zimbabwe
Wildlife use rights in Zimbabwe: CAMPFIRE