Antigua and Barbuda Integration with Climate Action Antigua and Barbuda Direct and Indirect Values Budget: 834,000USD (2007) physical planning, public sector budgetary process, environmental education Public Sector Budgetary Process and incentives Forestry fund, Emergency fund Governance, trade, consumption and technology Public sector investment programme (PSIP) process offers a focus on achieving predetermined goals including biodiversity targets (where government programs and projects make up over 50% of development)
Swap Opportunities NBSAP2001
Argentina Inter-American Development Bank:
Norte Grande Electricity Transmission Program - Northeast Section (NEA). The NGETP developed and executed a substantial reforestation program that surpasses Argentine regulatory policies for electricity transmission projects. The total area affected by NEA vegetation clearing during the construction period was approximately 2,750 Ha; of this, approximately 90% was located on private property that had been previously disturbed by agricultural activities and 10% in densely forested areas. To compensate the loss of vegetation, the project significantly increased the area of prime habitat through the reforestation program, planting approximately 600,000 endemic species trees. It is estimated that through the reforestation program approximately 13,800,000 tons of CO2 are annually sequestered.
Establishment of Incentives for the Conservation of Ecosystem Services of Global Significance (GEF 2008)
Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: La Plata/Fontana, Patagonia (2003)
Annual Awards to be granted by national authorities or by an ad-hoc committee, to recognize those individuals or legal entities that have made outstanding philanthropic and / or sponsorship of activities of biodiversity conservation in the country.
South-South and Triangular Cooperation of Argentina, Argentine Fund for horizontal Cooperation (Fo.ar), Ministry of foreign Affairs, international trade and Worship, Secretariat of Coordination and international Cooperation, General Directorate of international Cooperation International Coordination and Cooperation Secretary Organic agriculture and the law – Argentina (2012) Environmental compensation fund University of Arizona and Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria/Argentina Measuring Productivity in Unstable and Natural Resources Dependent Economies: Argentina Alternative methods for estimating resource rent and depletion cost: the case of Argentina’s YPF Conservation could save commercial fishery in Argentina Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
2003 national organizations, provincial agencies, research and education centers, nongovernmental organizations; biodiversity and education Fund for sustainable use of wildlife, Fondo para las Americas, Fondo Argentino de Carbono (FAC), Fondo Nacional de Incentivo Docente, Fondo para Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, national environmental fund NBSAP2003 Fondo para las Américas-Argentina: swap with USA
Bahamas Environmental Accounting 1999, 2005, 2011 tourism plan, agricultural plan National Conservation Fund, Protected Areas Trust Fund; *
The Bahamas National Trust NBSAP1999
Barbados (2012)
The enabling environment for sustainable enterprises in Barbados Economic Valuation Tourism Plan, Agricultural Plan, land use planning and decision-making NBSAP2002
Belize Management and Protection of Key Biodiversity Areas (GEF 2011)
Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: The Belize Protected Areas Conservation Trust – protected areas, Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area - land acquisition & private protected area; Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Rio Bravo Conservation Project; Case studies for landscape beauty markets: Toledo Ecotourism Association - package holiday, Belize Audubon Society - protected area ecotourism & entrance permits (1998)
Privately owned protected areas Belize Allocations for Fiscal Year 2005-2006 for Forestry Department - US$800,000, Agriculture Department – US$2.6 million, Fisheries Department – US$420,000 forest act, forests (mangrove protection) regulations, fisheries act, Belize tourism policy, national lands act Entrance fees Protected Areas Conservation Trust, Mesoamerican Reef Fund (MAR Fund); *
PACT Swap with USA NBSAP1998
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 2014
Bolivia 2014,
submission II The role of collective action in the conservation of biological diversity, by Diego Pacheco, Head of the Bolivian delegation at the CBD COP12. COP 12 event "Scaling Up Biodiversity Finance: - Outcomes of the Quito II Dialogue on the Value of Biodiversity for Mainstreaming, Financial Mechanisms, and Safeguards"
Bolivia submission on preliminary reporting framework Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Logging rights purchase, Debt for nature swap; Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Noel Kempff Climate Action Project; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Bermejo River - watershed protection contracts Paying for ecosystem services Selling two environmental services: In-kind payments for bird habitat and watershed protection in Los Negros, Bolivia Bees for Water – Bolivia Noel Kempff Climate Action 2009
UNDP and UNEP:
Making the Economic Case: A Primer on the Economic Arguments for Mainstreaming Poverty-Environment Linkages into National Development Planning. Stoian, D., 2003. “Making the Best of Two Worlds: Rural and Peri-Urban Livelihood Options Sustained by Non-Timber Forest Products from the Bolivian Amazon.” Paper presented at conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests, and Biodiversity, Bonn, May 12–23, 2003. In an urban area of northern Bolivia, it was found that more than half the residents participated in one way or another in the Brazil nut and palm heart industries; members of the poorest income group were most dependent on this source of livelihood, obtaining almost half their income from it.
2007
Fair deals for watershed services in Bolivia (2007) 2006
Compensation for Hydrological Environmental Services in Los Negros Cloud Forest (2006) Rapid Hydrological Analysis of the Los Negros Watershed in support of a Compensation-for-Watershed Services (CWS) Mechanism National Environmental Fund, Fundación para el Desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (FUNDESNAP), Fundación “Protección y Uso Sostenible del Medio Ambiente” (Fundación PUMA), Enterprise of the Americas Fund, Fondo Nacional de Adaptación, Fondo de Fideicomiso para la Reducción de Riesgos y Atención de Desastres y Emergencias (FORADE); *FUNDESNAP (
doc), (
ppt); *PUMA (
doc), (
ppt); ; *
National Fund for Forest Development (FONDOBOSQUE) Vice Ministerio de Inversión Pública y Financiamiento Externo- Cooperación Internacional Cupuazu: pulp production and commercialization Removing Obstacles to Direct Private-Sector Participation in In-situ Biodiversity Conservation (GEF 2002)
2001
NBSAP2001, National Conservation Finance Strategy FUNDESNAP/SERNAP with Germany, swaps with Switzerland, USA 1997
Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
1990
Commercial bank debt (Conservation International) Commercial debt buy back
Brazil
Chile 2017
OECD:
Public Procurement in Chile: Policy Options for Efficient and Inclusive Framework Agreements. According to the OECD data, public procurement in Chile accounted for almost 7% of GDP in 2008. In 2013, OECD countries spent, on average, 12.1% of GDP on public procurement, translating into an average of 28.4% of the total government expenditure, compared to an average level of 29.4% in 2009.
Sustainable Development in the Chilean Banking System. UNE Finance Initiative, 2016. 91% of the banks surveyed stated that they are adhering to some type of external code of conduct (environmental, social or corporate governance) such as Global Compact, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) or the Equator Principles, among others. 73% of the banks surveyed reported that they have marketed some kind of green financial product, and 55% of banks have financed products and / or activities to mitigate climate change (i.e. renewable energies). 100% of the surveyed banks report that among the most significant obstacles to promoting the integration of environmental and social criteria are the lack of training/knowledge to promote green markets, environmental and social practices, and/or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 72% of banks consider that the lack of clear signals from the country’s financial, environmental and economic regulators is one of the main factors slowing the adoption of sustainable development practices.
Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Private protected areas; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Water share trading and payments for watershed protection Emissions trading schemes 2013
Banco Estado (BE) 2010
Voluntary offset in mining Spending on renewable natural resource issues and biodiversity in approximately USD35.208 million for 2002 and USD25.39 for 2003, representing a 20.21% and a 20.01% respectively of total environmental expenditure. The 2009 Budget, provides resources for the protection of the environment-through CONAMA-by 19,870 million pesos (approximately U.S. $ 38 million), which is a real increase of 9.5% over 2008 2009
OECD:
Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth, The Economics and Politics, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, A Good Practice Paper. Copper contributes 22 percent of fiscal earnings in Chile.
Early Attempts to Develop Access and Benefit-Sharing Regulations 2005
privately protected areas, privatization of water utilities, corporate environmental performance trade and environment (strategic environmental assessment of trade agreements) public sector investment and national investment system environmental expenditure and financing taxation of road fuel, water subsidies, environment-related subsidies, entrance fees, subsidies to afforestation, trading in water rights, trading in air pollutant emission permits, individual transferable fishing quotas International Cooperation Agency of Chile NBSAP2003 2004
University of Arizona and Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile/Chile The Value of Chilean Biodiversity: Economic, Environmental and Legal Considerations 1997
Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
Cuentas Ambientales del Recurso Agua en Chile (1999), by Comision Nacional Del Medio Ambiente
agriculture, forestry, rural development, fisheries and aquaculture, mining, education, health, tourism, finance, commerce, industry CONAMA Environmental Fund (FAC), Fund of the Americas, Competitive Fund, Agricultural Research Fund (FIA), National Fund for Technology and Production (FONTEC), Fisheries Research Fund (FIP), SAG Fund, National Fund for Regional Development (FNDR)
Public Private Partnership Timberline Gestion de Recursos Naturales;
limited-liability business partnership between Lonko1 and Timberline Adaptive co-management for conservation of the Llancahue watershed in Southern Chile Fishery ITQs Fiscal Responsibility Funds, Social and Economic Stabilization Fund, Chile Pension Reservation Fund Swap with USA
Colombia 2017
Climate Change Adaptation and Financial Protection: Synthesis of Key Findings from Colombia and Senegal, by Gisela Campillo, Michael Mullan, Lola Vallejo, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 120, OECD Publishing, Paris. The 2010-2011 La Niña floods led to significant reforms to the management of natural hazards in Colombia. The floods caused damages of USD 6 billion and affected 3.2 million people nationally, while some regions experienced losses equivalent to 15% of their GDP. Following the 2010-11 floods, the Finance Ministry (MHCP) issued a Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance (DRFI) policy strategy in 2013, which established a guiding framework for implementing a three-pronged approach to managing the fiscal consequences of natural disasters. The elements of this are: 1. Improving the evidence base on the fiscal consequences of natural disasters, 2. Developing a comprehensive strategy for the financial management of natural disasters, 3. Insuring public assets against catastrophic risks. These elements have been supplemented by capacity building at the central and sub-national level. Additionally, a long-term operative plan will support implementation of the DRFI policy strategy. Financial protection tool: Insurance mechanisms (Insurance of public assets: 4G roads insurance and insurance of public assets, Climate-sensitive insurance), Catastrophe bonds (CAT BOND/Pacific Alliance initiative), Post-disaster credit /Contingent credit (World Bank Cat DDO/Adaptation Fund), Savings or reserve funds (National Fund for DRM/Adaptation Fund), Humanitarian relief and compensation payments (Government support for disaster losses: emergency assistance)
2014
Colombia 2014 Fifth national report: Sistemas Silvopastoriles, Manejo de Ecosistemas y Pago por Servicios Ambientales (2002-2008), Reglamentación del artículo 111 de la Ley 99 de 1993 y pago por servicios ambientales
Gestión de las áreas protegidas frente al cambio climático, Estrategia de Cambio Climático del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales, Estrategia Nacional de Reducción de Emisiones por Deforestación y Degradación de los Bosques – REDD
La Cuenta Experimental de Ecosistemas como aporte a la Política Pública Ambiental Colombiana; Inclusión de los servicios ecosistémicos en las cuentas nacionales. Cuentas Ambientales
Programa de Sostenibilidad Financiera para la Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico
Estrategia de compensaciones por pérdida de biodiversidad; Estrategia Nacional de Compensaciones por Pérdida de Biodiversidad y su Listado Nacional de Factores de Compensación para Ecosistemas Naturales Terrestres
Compras públicas sostenibles
Áreas protegidas en predios privados, Alianza estratégica público-privada Naturalmente Colombia, Más de 100 acuerdos públicos – privados – comunitarios incrementando la gobernanza y gobernabilidad en el manejo de los recursos naturales
Incorporación de la biodiversidad en el sector cafetero en Colombia
Colombian National Protected Areas Conservation Trust Fund LAC (GEF 2005), Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in Dry Ecosystems to Guarantee the Flow of Ecosystem Services and to Mitigate the Processes of Deforestation and Desertification (GEF 2012), Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Palm Cropping in Colombia with an Ecosystem Approach (GEF 2010), Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Sustainable Cattle Ranching (GEF 2008)
Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: ECOFUNDO –protected areas, Conservation coffee; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Valle delCauca - land acquisition and land management contracts, National watershed management contracts, Compoalegre Users Association - land acquisition Forestry project for the basin of Chinchina river (PROCUENCA) Commercial (re)afforestation in Magdalena Bajo Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project – Costa Rica, Colombia and Nicaragua Linking People and Nature through Watershed Conservation in the East Cauca Valley, Colombia National Strategy for Environmental Services Payment NBSAP1996, 2012,
Colombia submission on funding needs Environmental compensation Compensation for the deterioration of Biodiversity Projects Subject to Environmental Licensing Bioprospect under Decision 391 Attempt to Bioprospect in Colombia (MMA –BioAndes) Access and Exchange of Genetic Resources Benefit Sharing in Practice : Ecoflora Economic Analysis and Valuation Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
(2014)
The percentage share of the environmental sector was 0.71% in 1998, 0.27% in 2009, and 0.39% in 2013 Enviornmental expenditure in millions of 2002 pesos: 201.811 (1995), 182.686 (1996), 108.888 (1997), 66.129 (1998), 59.637 (1999), 54.734 (2000), 59.079 (2001), 64.561 (2002), 43.045 (2003) mining Timber discounts for reforestation Colombia Water Tax How Well has Colombia's Wastewater Discharge Fee Program Worked and Why? Economic Incentives for Micro-Watershed Management Tax exemptions BioTrade Fund, Ecofondo, Natural Heritage Fund, Fund for Environmental Action and Childhood (FPAA), Colombian National Protected Areas Conservation Trust Fund; *FPAA (
doc), (
ppt), (
Evaluation); *
National Environmental Fund, Environmental Fund for the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Business partnership between Nativa (Colombia) and Cosmetic Valley (France) Diaspora Philanthropy: The Colombia Experience Association of Oil Foundations Colombia’s Presidential Agency of International Cooperation Alas de Colomnbia (Colombian Wings): breeding of native butterflies Market creation and promotion for bio-products USA-Colombia bilateral agreement in the framework of the Initiative for the Americas ECOFONDO Corporation with Canada, swap with USA Bancóldex S.A. 2009
UNDP and UNEP:
Making the Economic Case: A Primer on the Economic Arguments for Mainstreaming Poverty-Environment Linkages into National Development Planning. A user charge equivalent to 3 percent of revenues from hydropower and electricity companies was introduced in Colombia for forest watershed services as a way to provide resources for watershed conservation.
Costa Rica 2017
World Bank:
The Global Partnership on Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services. Although there are abundant water resources, they are not being used efficiently: 57% of piped water is lost by distributors, 54% of water supplied is not billed, 51% of irrigated water is lost. Before forest accounts, the forest contribution to the economy was based on the value of timber extraction and estimated at 0.1% to 0.2% of GDP. Now, forest accounts also measure non-timber products such as nuts and medicines, and show that forests contribute 10 to 20 times more to GDP—2%, or close to $1 billion. These numbers do not reflect the role of forests in Costa Rica’s ecotourism industry.
Mainstreaming biodiversity, The Costa Rican case. Carlos Manuel Rodríguez, December 2016. Biodiversity expenditure: average 0.5% of GDP for 2010-2014, or US$250 million per year. Funding needs: 0.18% of GDP per year for next 10/15 years.
Costa Rica submission on Resource mobilization indicators Fundación Banco Ambiental (FUNBAM) and Fondo para la Biodiversidad Sostenible, Programa de Conservación de la Biodiversidad - PCB, fourth draft
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) program Strategy;
gm version Programa por pago de servicios ambientales, Canon del agua, Programa Costa Rica por siempre Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: INBio's bioprospecting permits, Del Oro - payments for forest pest and disease control services through a land lease, Children's Rainforest, Monteverde – protected areas, Debt-for-nature swaps, Biodiversity-friendly cocoa, Monteverde Coffee - biodiversity friendly coffee; Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Certified Tradable Offset (CTOs), Norway purchase of CTOs - AIJ project, Biodiversifix (AIJ project), CARFIX (AIJ approved 1994), ECOLAND (AIJ approved 1994), Klinki Forestry Project (AIJ project approved 1995), Protoype Carbon Fund - Fund for Renewable Energy; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Heredia Public Service Enterprise - national park protection, Energía Global payments, Central Plateau, River Platanar, San Carlos, Monte Verde Cloud Forests, San Jose watershed fund; Case studies for landscape beauty markets: National protected areas - access rights, Hotel contributions to National Parks System - management contracts, Rafting companies payment for river bank conservation - management contracts, Biological corridors for Titi Monkeys - management contracts, Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve - access rights, Talamanca - package holiday; Case studies for bundled environmental services: Government Payments for Environmental Services scheme - contracts for forest protection, sustainable management and reforestation, Norway purchase of Certified Tradable Offsets, & Costa Rican National Power and Light Company purchase of improved water quality, BOLPRO (Agricultural stock market) - sales of trees’ environmental services Program of Payments for Ecological Services in Costa Rica Conservation, Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, and Maintenance of Ecosystem Services of Internationally Important Protected Wetlands (GEF 2012)
Costa Rica 2012 PES as a strategy to minimize risk: The Case of La Esperanza Hydroelectric Power Company, Costa Rica (2010) Certificate for Environmental Services (2010) Enabling the legal framework for PES, Costa Rica (2010) Procuencas Project (2010) IIED:
Fair and green? Social impacts of payments for environmental services in Costa Rica, by Ina Porras, December 2010. By 2008 the managing institution FONAFIFO had allocated just over 10,000 contracts and more than US$206 million, an average of US$17.2 million per year. The main category of land use receiving payments is forest protection, which represents 67 per cent of all contracts and accounts for 73 per cent of the financial resources. Reforestation activities account for approximately 20 per cent of contracts and funds; and the programme also covers forest management and agroforestry activities. A significant proportion of payments tend to go to areas with lower opportunity costs, relatively large farms and private companies.
Increasing the efficiency of conservation spending: the case of payments for environmental services in Costa Rica (2007) Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica (2006) Mainstreaming Market-based Instruments for Environmental Management Project (GEF 2006)
The social impacts of payments for environmental services in Costa Rica: A quantitative field survey and analysis of the Virilla watershed (2003) Paying for forest environmental services: the Costa Rican experience (2003) What are we learning from experiences with markets for environmental services in Costa Rica? A review and critique of the literature (2003) Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services: The Use of Market Instruments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica, Institutional Arrangements, Contracts, Monitoring, and Evaluation in Costa Rica (2002) NBSAP2000 Financing Environmental Services: The Costa Rican Experience and its Implications (1998) Ecomarkets (GEF 1999)
The Guanacaste Conservation Area (GCA) in Costa Rica Program of Payments for Ecological Services in Costa Rica Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project – Costa Rica, Colombia and Nicaragua Payments for environmental services Costa Rica - Introducing Water Use Charges To Pay For Environmental Services Bioprogramme, sustainable tourism Research Collaborative Agreements and Bioprospecting in Costa Rica Inbio–Merck Research Agreement Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica (INBio) – Merck & Co. ABS status;
Case study;
Legal Framework and Public Policy Access to Genetic Resources, Protection of Traditional Knowledge, and Intellectual Property Rights: Lessons Learned from the Costa Rican Experience The Link Between Biodiversity and Sustainable Development: Lessons from INBio’s Bioprospecting Program in Costa Rica Costa Rican International Cooperative Biodiversity Group: Using Insects and Other Arthropods in Biodiversity Prospecting Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Strategic Environmental Assessment: Lessons from Influential Cases - Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica (Costa Rica, 1997) Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
Green National Accounts: Policy Uses and Empirical Experience (1996) by World Bank
(2012)
Central government spending in millions: 75.96 (2007), 52.76 (2008), 87.64 (2009), 94.25 (2010), 140.43 (2011), 122.40 (2012) The budget of the National System of Conservation Areas, SINAC MINAE has grown from 500 million in 1992 to about 2,500 million colones (to 2000), which represented an increase of almost 5 times more social education sector, tourism sector, food-agriculture sector Fundación Banco Ambiental (FUNBAM) and Fondo para la Biodiversidad Sostenible, fourth draft
Trust Fund for Protected Areas, National Forestry Financing Fund, CRUSA Foundation, Foundation "Funde-cooperaci—on" for Sustainable Development, Centro Agri’cola Siquirres, Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcónica Central (FUNDECOR); *
Forest Fund, National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) Skills for green jobs in Costa Rica (2010) Programme for South-South Cooperation between Benin, Bhutan, Costa Rica and the Kingdom of the Netherlands Canada-Costa Rica Debt Conversion Fund,
Swaps with Canada, Netherlands, Spain Forever Costa Rica from debt-for-nature-swap with USA Commercial debt conversion Commercial debt swaps
Cuba Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
(2014)
environmental protection investment (2010-2012), biodiversity expenditure in millions of pesos: 399.2 (2010), 452.4 (2011), 488.5 (2012) Investment Plan for Environment in millions of pesos: 41.9 (1998), 102.4 (1999), 196.5 (2000), 250.8 (2001), 179.1 (2002), 220.2 (2003) National Forest Programme 2000-2015, National Science and Technology Programmes, Branches and Territorial, National Action Plan to Combat Desertification and Drought, National Environmental Education Strategy, Strategy and National Program for fire management, National Action Plan on Biosafety; processes of integration Forestry Tax, Havana Bay User Tax, Tariff allowances to the import environmental preferable technologies,
Presentation National Environmental Fund, National Science and Technology Fund (FONACYT), National Forestry Development Fund (FONADEF), Fondo Financiero para la Eficiencia Energética National Fund for Forest Development (FONADEF) NBSAP2002, 2005
Dominica physical planning Petroleum Stabilization Fund NBSAP2000
Dominican Republic Demonstrating Sustainable Land Management in the Upper Sabana Yegua Watershed System (GEF 2005), Payment for Ecosystem Services in Las Neblinas Scientific Reserve as a Pilot Approach to Ecosystem Management that Promotes the Sustainability of Protected Areas (GEF)
NBSAP2012 National Fund for Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA Fund), Fondo Pro Naturaleza (PRONATURA), National Fund for Innovation and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) Special Fund, Forest Trust Fund Coastal Capital Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
Division of Biodiversity and Wildlife: $RD11, 225,102 (2006) agriculture, rural development, fisheries and aquaculture, mining, education, health, tourism, trade, industry, National Water Resources Institute Leveraging existing subsidies for environmental protection: Soil conservation Swap Opportunities Commercial debt swap
Ecuador Payment schemes for environmental services in watersheds in Ecuador (Esquemas de pagos por servicios ambientales para la conservación de cuencas hidrográficas en el Ecuador), by D. Cordero Camacho
2014
SNAP Financing Needs Analysis: At the end of 2012, total expenditure on the continental SNAP was $22.6 million, equivalent to the total amount spent over the entire period 2003-2010; an estimated financial target of $21.5 million to achieve a consolidation scenario and $44 million to achieve an ideal management scenario. The National Incentive Program for the Conservation of the Natural Heritage "Socio Bosque": Agreements, beneficiaries, conserved area and incentives provided by the Socio Bosque Program 2009-2013. Generate an official Environmental Accounting System that serves the policy makers based on the calculation of the physical and monetary accounts for the most relevant natural resources in the country; Updating the economic valuation of the SNAP, from a productive sectors approach; Economic valuation of biodiversity in the production systems of fine aroma cocoa. The National Corporation of Forests and Private Reserves of Ecuador (CNBRPE). The 2010-2013 Sustainable Production and Consumption Strategy aims to: i) reduce the ecological footprint; (ii) certification, eco-labeling, stamps; iii) positioning and institutionality; iv) regulation of post-consumption processes; and (v) environmental good practice manuals. Evolution of the total expenditure of the continental SNAP, period 2003-2012; Investment of the Protected Areas Fund in the SNAP 2009-2013.
Mainstreaming biodiversity into public policy design and management in Ecuador, by Sofia Panchi, Ministry of Environment
Private Sources Rainforest Preservation in Amazonian Ecuador Fostering Environmentally Sustainable Tourism and Small Business Innovation and Growth in the Galapagos Trade liberalization, bananas and environmental quality Technical Secretary of International Cooperation Jambi Kiwa: medicinal plants from Chimborazo Fishery certification National biotrade programme, certification Engaging local and national stakeholders´ in sustainable trade of natural products The BioTrade Initiative: Linking the sustainable use of biodiversi ty wi th poverty alleviation 2012
Proyecto Socio Bosque de Conservation (2012) Inter-municipal cooperation in watershed conservation through the establishment of a regional water fund – FORAGUA – in Southern Ecuador (2012) A long-term financial mechanism for conservation agreements in the Ecuadorian Chocó (2012) 2011
Ecuador submission on resource mobilization strategy Ecuador submission on innovative financial mechanisms 2010
Water fund for catchment management in Quito, Ecuador (2010) 2009
UNDP and UNEP:
Making the Economic Case: A Primer on the Economic Arguments for Mainstreaming Poverty-Environment Linkages into National Development Planning. Espinosa, C. 2005. “Payment for Water-Based Environmental Services: Ecuador’s Experiences, Lessons Learned and Ways Forward.” Water, Nature and Economics Technical Paper No. 2. Colombo: IUCN.. Payment for Watershed Services to Generate Public Revenues for Environmental Management in Ecuador. For Cuenca in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, about 60 percent of the city’s water supply comes from the nearby Cajas National Park. The park is under the overall jurisdiction of the Municipal Company of Telecom¬munications, Potable Water, Sewage and Wastewater Treatment (ETAPA), and is managed by the Municipal Corporation of Cajas National Park. The municipal corporation, a local government agency, is funded largely through surcharges on water bills and other payments levied on Cuenca’s water users (which include a hydropower facility) and are paid to ETAPA. The money thus received is used to cover the corporation’s administrative and operating costs. It has also been used to purchase additional lands in the watershed to be set aside for protection, to finance watershed manage¬ment projects and to provide revolving credit and technical advice to farmers in the mid-watershed to help them increase their water use efficiency. In 2003, the corporation’s budget was approximately $700,000, of which some $200,000 was derived from water fees and tourism entrance fees for the national park.
2005
Decentralized Payments for Environmental Services: Comparing the Cases of Pimampiro and PROFAFOR in Ecuador (2005) Payment for Water-Based Environmental Services: Ecuador’s Experiences, Lessons Learned and Ways Forward (2005) 2004
Decentralised environmental payments IIED:
The impacts of payments for watershed services in Ecuador: Emerging lessons from Pimampiro and Cuenca, January 2004. The payment is for protecting the environmental services, rather than providing the services themselves. When there is a lack of hydrological information, payments for watershed services could actually be a form of insurance against land use change. In this case people are buying an insurance policy, rather than improved water quality or quantity.
Payment for Environmental Services at the Local Level: Comparing two Cases in Ecuador Payments for Watershed Services: Maintaining natural forest cover and ensuring clean water supplies with payments for ecosystem services in Ecuador Entrance fees Protected Areas Fund (PAF), National Environmental Fund, Community Forest Management Fund, Water Fund or private FONAG EcoFund, Funding for the Dry Forest Watch Colonche Chongón, Fondo Ecuatoriano para el Cambio Climático, Fondo Yasuní 2001
NBSAP2001 1999
CIFOR:
Promoting Forest Conservation through Ecotourism Income? A case study from the Ecuadorian Amazon region, Sven Wunder, Center for International Forestry Research, Occasional Paper No. 21, March 1999
Financial Needs of Protected Areas Ecuador submission on funding needs The Yasuni-ITT Initiative: rationale for the initiative, valuation, support and donors to the Initiative, Yasuni ITT Trust Fund, government guarantee, governance, anticipated level of funding, moving forward, and closure
The Yasuni-ITT Initiative in Ecuador Pimampiro payments for watershed services scheme, Strategy on PES Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Ethno-bioprospecting-access rights, Debt-for-nature swaps, The Tagua Initiative – biodiversity friendly accessories; Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Programme FACE de Forestación (PROFAFOR) – a FACE project, Bilsa Biological Reserve; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Water Conservation Fund in Quito, Cuenca City - land acquisition & watershed protection; Case studies for landscape beauty markets: TropicEcological Adventures - access rights and management agreements, Cofan Ecotourism project - access rights and package holiday, Transturi's Flotel in Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve - access rights, Sionas, Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve - tourism services, Maquipucuna Reserve -ecotourism access rights, FUNEDESIN-land purchase & management agreements, Kapawi Ecolodge and Reserve - leasing forest land & management agreement Markets and contracts for ecosystem services The Socio Bosque Program in Ecuador 1997
Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
1996
Accounting for National Resources in Ecuador: Contrasting Methodologies, Conflicting Results (1996), by World Bank
The percentage of expenditure allocated to the environment, in 2003, accounted for 0.39% of the General State Budget. In 2005 the share was 0.40% - approximately $ 29.7 million agriculture, education, health, fisheries, water resources, mining and oil, tourism, finance, commerce and industry, decentralized autonomous governments Debt swaps with several governments: Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy and Spain Swap Opportunities Fondo Ambiental Nacional (FAN-Ecuador) with Germany, swap with Switzerland 1990
Commercial debt conversion Commercial debt swaps
El Salvador Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Biodiversity-friendly coffee; Case studies for watershed protection markets: El Imposible National Park - protected area contract Fund for the Americas Initiative, Fondo Ambiental de El Salvador (FONAES), Environmental Trust for Conservation Coffee Park (FICAFE) Labor Supply, School Attendance, and Remittances from International Migration: the Case of El Salvador Measures;
Case study Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
Swap Opportunities Fund for the Environment with Canada, swap with USA NBSAP2000
Grenada projectconcepts2000 Grenada submission on funding needs Average annual US$ 8,000 (2009) policy on integration, financing for integration, communication for integration Basic Needs Trust Fund, rural development fund Economic Valuation of Parks and Protected Areas
Guatemala NBSAP1999 Marketing strategy Remittances and Poverty in Guatemala National account; *
Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
Cuenta Integrada de Recursos Pesqueros y Acuícolas: Bases teóricas, conceptuales y metodológicas (2009), by Banco de Guatemala y Universidad Rafael Landívar
Cuenta Integrada de Residuos: Bases teóricas, conceptuales y metodológicas (2009), by Banco de Guatemala y Universidad Rafael Landívar
Cuenta Integrada del Bosque: Bases teóricas, conceptuales y metodológicas (2009), by Banco de Guatemala y Universidad Rafael Landívar
national planning, sectoral plans, the academic National Fund for the Conservation of Nature (FONACON), Guatemalan Environment Fund (FOGUAMA), Central Fund for Sustainable Development (FOCADES), Trust for Conservation in Guatemala (Private) (FCG), National Land Fund, Sierra de Las Minas Water Fund; *
Special Forest Fund; *
The Sierra de Las Minas Water Fund Croda International – Guatemala Measures;
Case study Commercial debt swap
Guyana Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Conservation Concession Conservation Concession: Protecting forest ecosystems with payments for ecosystem services in Guyana Sustainable Forest Management and Multiple Global Environmental Benefits (GEF 2011)
Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Reforestation and carbon sequestration; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Montagua River, Sierras las Minas; Case studies for landscape beauty markets: Community tourism in Alta Verapaz Cloud Forest - package holiday, Bird watching -access rights in private lands Conservation Concessions in the Maya Biosphere Reserve: Why payments for ecological services were not successful in Guatemala When Money Flows Upstream: Payment for Watershed Services in Guatemala (2003) Conservation Incentive Agreements and other PES-type initiatives (2004) NBSAP1999, 2007 Using an income accounting framework to value non-timber forest products (2002) by FAO
G$ 88,609,145 (2004), G$ 98,456,023 (2005), G$ 135,211,683 (2006) processes taken to integrate biodiversity into the sectors Guyana REDD+ Investment Fund, Development of a trust fund for biodiversity Benefit Sharing Partnership Mercury-Free Gold mining Technologies: Possibilities for Adoption in the Guianas The Upper Essequibo Conservation Concession Swap Opportunities
Haiti Haiti Environmental Foundation Fonds pour la Protection et la Conservation de la Biodiversité (FOPECOB) Swap Opportunities NBSAP2000
Honduras Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Biomass power generation (USIJI project) 2014
Honduras 2014 2010
The importance of precision and targeting in Copan Ruinas watershed, Honduras (2010) Budget allocations of approximately U.S.$400,000 for Biodiversity Management in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the Department of Protected Areas and Wildlife (2008) 2009
UNDP and UNEP:
Making the Economic Case: A Primer on the Economic Arguments for Mainstreaming Poverty-Environment Linkages into National Development Planning. Cohen, S. 2002. “Pro-poor Markets for Environmental Services. Carbon Sequestration and Watershed Protection.” World Summit on Sustainable Development.. In Honduras, residential consumer water bills were increased by 35 percent, and the addi¬tional revenues used for the conservation of the El Escondido watershed.
1998
NBSAP1998 Honduras Environmental Funds Honduras Environmental Funds; *
Honduran Fund for Protected Areas, Honduran Foundation for the Conservation of Nature, Fundación Hondureña de Ambiente y Desarrollo "Vida" (Fundación Vida), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Rural Sostenible (FONADERS), Fondo Hondureño de Inversión Social (FHIS) Co-management Honduras 1997
Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
forest, protected areas and wildlife policy, policy for the agrifood sector and rural areas of Honduras, National Ecotourism Strategy, Forest Action Plan, Plan of Action to Combat Desertification and Drought, National Sustainable Tourism Strategy, business sector, education sector, civil society, media Swap Opportunities Honduras/Canada Environmental Management Fund, Reserve of the Biosphere Rio Plátano with Germany, swap with Switzerland
Jamaica Integrated Management of the Yallahs River and Hope River Watersheds (GEF 2011)
Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Debt-for-nature swap; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Watershed protection contracts & fees Environmental Foundation of Jamaica (EFJ), Jamaica Protected Areas Trust (JPAT), Banana Insurance Fund, Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund; *
EFJ The Impact of Remittances on Labor Supply: The Case of Jamaica Marine System Valuation: An Application to Coral Reef Systems in the Developing Tropics Environmental Foundation of Jamaica with USA Commercial debt swap NBSAP2003
Mexico
Nicaragua Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project;
gm version Integrated Mangement in Lakes Apanas and Asturias Watershed (GEF 2010)
Payments for hydrological Ecosystem Services in the Gil González Watershed - A Public-Private-Partnership Case Study (2013) Regional Integrated Silvopastoral Ecosystem Management Project – Costa Rica, Colombia and Nicaragua Case study Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
more forests for the future; conservation of water sources; control and reduction of pollution Fondo Canadá – Nicaragua para el Manéjo del Medio Ambiente, Fondo Nacional de Inversiones (FNI), Fundación Nicaragüense para el Desarrollo Sostenible (FUNDENIC); *
FONANIC Swap Opportunities Canada/Nicaraguan Fund for the Management of the Environment NBSAP2000
Panama Second Rural Poverty, Natural Resources Management and Consolidation of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor Project (GEF 2005)
Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Reforestation in Chiriqui Province (USIJI), Reforestation bonds in Darien; Case studies for watershed protection markets: Darien - Committee for saving the Filo del Tallo hills, Chagres watershed payments scheme; Case studies for bundled environmental services: Sale of environmental services in Darien Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, fondos marinos, Fundación Nacional de la Ciencia; *
Foundation Natura The Panama ICBG Exploitation of plant defenses in Panama Case study Linking bioprospecting with sustainable development and conservation: the Panama case Economic Valuation of Protected Areas Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
2000, 2007 national coordination mechanisms Debt swaps Sovereign Wealth Fund NBSAP2000
Paraguay Case studies for bundled environmental services: Mbaracayu initiative NBSAP2007 Tropical Forest Conservation Fund Environmental services certificates Mapping the Economic Costs and Benefits of Conservation Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
The national budget allocated 0.28% of its total to SEAM (2003) Commercial debt swap
Peru 2017
Public Procurement in Peru: Reinforcing Capacity and Co-ordination, OECD Public Governance Reviews. This report examines ongoing public procurement reforms in Peru, focusing on procurement processes, participation in tenders, and the culture of integrity in the public procurement process.
2013
Law on Mechanisms of Compensation for Ecosystem Services, 2013. The bill provides a legal framework to support a diverse range of ecosystem services – including greenhouse gas emissions reductions, biodiversity conservation and the preservation of natural beauty. Investments in watershed services (IWS), an already popular water management method in the country, have also been incorporated into the proposal. There are two parties involved in the PES process that the bill lays out. The first are land stewards – farmers, indigenous peoples, landowners and individuals involved in ecotourism, who act as the receivers of ecosystem services. The other group – mostly civil society, businesses and municipalities – are the payers. They compensate the land stewards to practice sustainable land-use. These sustainable practices ensure businesses and cities will have the ecosystem services, like clean water and air, that they need to survive and thrive. The government will be responsible for identifying the payers and also for administering the compensation process.
Assessing Green Interventions for the Water Supply of Lima, Peru: Cost-Effectiveness, Potential Impact, and Priority Research Areas, by Gena Gammie1 and Bert De Bievre. In June 2015, Peru announced it was funneling $112 million of Lima’s water fees – or almost 5% of the total – into programs designed to help the Andes adapt to climate change and offer water quality improvements, with $26 million of that going into “green infrastructure” programs that include the restoration of these ancient structures – called “amunas”.
Rewarding water-related ecosystem services in the Canete Basin, Peru (2013) Compensation scheme for upstream farmers in municipal protected area, Peru (2010) 2012
Ecological Research Funded by Tourism, by Inkaterra, Peru
How BIOFIN supports biodiversity conversation in Peru, by Luis Antonio Sánchez Perales, BIOFIN National Team Leader
Peru's submission on Resource Mobilization Strategy Between 1990 and 1997, Peru had budget allocation of 79 million dollars, while 291 million dollars between 1999 and 2004 environment, production, agriculture, education, health, trade and tourism, energy and mining, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, research and development 2009
OECD:
Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth, The Economics and Politics, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, A Good Practice Paper. Gold, copper, zinc and other minerals account for 43 percent of government revenues in Peru.
Conservation and Sustainable Use of High-Andean Ecosystems through Compensation of Environmental Services for Rural Poverty Alleviation and Social Inclusion in Peru (GEF 2012), SFM Sustainable Management of Protected Areas and Forests of the Northern Highlands of Peru (GEF 2009), Strengthening Biodiversity Conservation through the National Protected Areas Program (GEF 2007)
Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: Biodiversity-friendly coffee, Rainforest Cookies; Case studies for landscape beauty markets: Private ecotourism concessions, Posada Amazonas - joint ecotourism venture in the Amazon - tour package, Peru Verde's joint ecotourism ventures - package tour; Case studies for carbon sequestration markets: Applied Energy Services, Inc. Shady Point NBSAP2001 National Fund for Protected Areas (FONANPE), National Environmental Fund (FONAM), Americas Fund of Peru (FONDAM), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Pesquero, Fondo Nacional de Compensación y Desarrollo Social (FONCODES), Fondo Nacional de Vivienda (FONAVI), Fondo de promoción de microcentrales hidráulicas, Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Pesquero (FONDEPES); *
Fondo de las Americas del Peru Law for Private Investment Enabling Private Cofinancing through Protected Area Administration Contracts Peruvian Agency of International Cooperation AEDES: Agro-export and ecoturism Medicinal gel Agreement on the repatriation, restoration and monitoring of agrobiodiversity of native potatoes and associated community knowledge systems Benefit Sharing in Practice: Hersil Values of Diversity Swap Opportunities PROFONANPE with Canada, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, USA Fiscal Stabilization Fund 1997
Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
Saint Kitts and Nevis Island Resources Foundation Swap Opportunities NBSAP2004
Saint Lucia Biodiversity Trust Fund, Environmental Management Fund Soufriere Marine Management Area Adjusting to a New Way of Life- Marine Management Areas and Fishers 2006, 2009 processes for mainstreaming Tenure reform: Mankote Mangrove NBSAP2000
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines forestry sector plans and policies, tourism sector plans, fisheries sector policy, agricultural sector policies 2004, 2006, 2010 NBSAP2000
Suriname Case studies of biodiversity markets for forest environmental services: International Cooperative Biodiversity Group project – biodiversity access rights mining, including gold mining, agriculture such as rice, forestry Suriname Conservation Fund (SCF), (
pdf), (
doc)
ICBG Project,
International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) – Suriname NBSAP2006
Trinidad and Tobago Value of Biodiversity 2010 success stories in mainstreaming biodiversity The Green Fund, Heritage and Stabilization Fund, Interim Revenue Stabilization Fund; Green Fund (
pdf), (
ppt), (
gm version)
NBSAP2006 The Heritage and Stabilization Fund
Uruguay Fondo de las Américas – Uruguay, Fondo de Eficiencia Energética, Fondo de prevención de los efectos de la sequía, Fondo Agropecuario de Emergencias (FAE), Fondo de Reconstrucción y Fomento de la Granja (FRFG); *
Forest Fund Uruguayan Agency of International Cooperation Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
(2014)
Agriculture, fishing, mining, tourism, national budget containing environment including biodiversity, but with low allocation
(2010)
Agriculture and rural development, environmental education, participation in biodiversity management, biodiversity and health, fishing and marine and coastal biodiversity, forest resources, tourism, energy and industry NBSAP1999 Swap with USA
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Biodiversity Conservation in the Productive Landscape of the Venezuelan Andes (GEF 2005)
La Experiencia Venezolana en Esquemas de Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (2006) Conserving Biodiversity and Commercializing Non-timber Forest Products in Venezuela’s Caura Basin (2013) national project Simón Bolívar 2007-2013; National Land Plan; National Environmental Plan Timber discounts for reforestation National Fund for National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (FONAIAP), Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Región Centro Occidente (FUDECO), Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FUNDACITE), Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho (FUNDAYACUCHO), Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas (FUNVISIS), Fundación de Servicios para el Agricultor (FUSAGRI) Central American Fund for Environment and Development (FOCADES) The Caiman and the capybara: commercial use of wildlife Brisas Gold and Copper Project Informe Final - Estado y Evolucion de las Cuentas del Medio Ambiente en America Latina (1997), by Fundacion Futuro Latinoamericana
NBSAP2001, 2010 Macroeconomic Stabilization Fund
